«Французы и англичане»

[37]

«"И неужели ни один человек в городе не поможет ему, ни констебли, ни закон?"

«"О, он квакер, закон не помогает квакерам".

«Такова была правда — суровая, изматывающая правда — в те дни. Свобода, справедливость были пустыми словами для нонконформистов всех мастей; и все, что они знали о славной конституции английского права, заключалось в том, что его железная рука была обращена против них». — «Джон Галифакс», гл. VIII.

[38] This excellent lady went on a visit to an old friend, who found her appearance so miserable that she took the liberty of clothing her from head to foot. The saint was aware that she had been clothed, but neither pleased nor offended. She only laughed, and I believe her secret satisfaction in the matter was that she could give the old clothes to some beggar. I hope, but feel by no means sure, that she did not give away the new ones, which were a surprising improvement to her appearance.

[39]

“Her faith through form is pure as thine,

Her hands are quicker unto good.”

In Memoriam.

[40] A Civil Funeral.

Вряд ли кто-либо, имеющий хоть малейшие претензии на ранг или положение, если только он не является каким-нибудь республиканским чиновником, рискнул бы присутствовать на гражданских похоронах в провинциальном французском городе. Дама, которая знает, какой интерес я проявляю к этим вопросам, написала мне письмо в марте 1886 года, из которого я привожу следующую выдержку:—

«Под моими окнами только что проехала похоронная процессия "Свободомыслия", этот заголовок был вышит серебряными буквами со всех сторон катафалка, который очень красив с его серебряной бахромой. На гробу лежал очень большой венок из красных бессмертников, и все присутствующие носили такие же в петлицах. Процессия двигалась очень медленно, очень тихо. Сколько злых слов было сказано, пока проходила процессия! У нас еще нет права на независимость. Потребуется много лет, прежде чем мы обретем свободу воли, не подвергаясь клевете».

Оскорбления, адресованные похоронной процессии, чрезвычайно показательны для Франции, где обычно проявляется столь большое внешнее уважение к умершим.

[41] For Mr. Arnold the Trinity was “the fairy tale of the Three Supernatural Men.”

[42] This is a religion entirely without dogma, and Christian only in the sense that it would cultivate a Christian spirit.

[43] I have even known a sincere and severe Catholic who told me that no one who disobeyed habitually the moral law, whatever his beliefs, could be a Catholic. Giving drunkenness as an example, he said that there had never been such a person as a Catholic drunkard, because by the mere fact of being a drunkard a man proved that he was not a Catholic.

[44] Mr. Mivart.

То, сколько интеллектуальной свободы сейчас пользуются в рамках римской церкви, можно увидеть в весьма интересной статье г-на Миварта «Католическая церковь и библейская критика», опубликованной в «The Nineteenth Century» за июль 1887 года. Г-н Миварт не считает вероятным, что хотя бы одна строка Библии была написана Моисеем, в то время как «в высшей степени маловероятно, что Авраам, Исаак или Иаков когда-либо действительно существовали, и ни один отрывок из истории любого из них не имеет ни малейшей исторической ценности в старом смысле». Книга Ионы — это притча, книга Даниила совершенно не заслуживает доверия и немногим более чем нагромождение вымысла. Что касается Потопа, г-н Миварт говорит: «Я хорошо помню, как обедал в доме священника (примерно в 1870 году), когда один из присутствующих, покойный эрудированный г-н Ричард Симпсон из Клэпхэма (глубоко набожный католик и еженедельный причастник), высказал некоторые обычные научные взгляды на предмет Потопа. Пораженный слушатель с тревогой спросил: "Но разве тогда рассказ в Библии о Потопе не истинен?" На что г-н Симпсон ответил: "Истинен! Конечно, он истинен. Было местное наводнение, и некоторые из жреческой касты спаслись на плоскодонке вместе со своими петухами и курами"».

[45] “L’Angleterre est instruite, élevée, gouvernée par ses clergymen.”—Philippe Daryl.

[46] An essential difference between France and England. “No one,” says Professor Dicey, “can maintain that the law of England recognises anything like that natural right to the free communication of thoughts and opinions which was proclaimed in France nearly a hundred years ago to be one of the most valuable rights of man.”—The Law of the Constitution, first edition, pp. 257, 258.

[47] Law about Associations not Obsolete.

Обычный закон об ассоциациях был объявлен некоторыми английскими газетами «устаревшим» и возрожденным только для преследований. Он был настолько мало устаревшим, что неуклонно применялся к светским ассоциациям. Одно время я был почетным членом французского клуба, ограниченного восемнадцатью участниками, чтобы не требовалось «разрешение»; и я был вице-президентом другого клуба, не ограниченного по численности, так что нам приходилось отправлять наши уставы на утверждение префекту, и всякий раз, когда в них вносилось малейшее изменение, их приходилось снова представлять той же власти. Это была очень простая формальность, стоившая три су за почтовую марку. Если бы мы действовали как неавторизованные религиозные ордена, которые отказались подчиниться этому не очень страшному проявлению тирании, мы были бы распущены, как и они, и выдворены из нашего клубного дома, как они были выдворены из своих учреждений.

[48] Author of L’Irréligion de l’Avenir, Esquisse d’une Morale sans Obligation ni Sanction, Les Problèmes de l’Esthétique Contemporaine, La Morale d’Epicure et ses Rapports avec les Doctrines Contemporaines, etc. Guyau died in 1888 at the age of thirty-three.

[49] The reverend father is speaking of Her Majesty’s visit to the Grande Chartreuse, which she was able to make by taking advantage of an ancient rule made before the Church could foresee the monstrous anomaly of an heretical king or queen. By that rule, which still remains in force, a bishop or a reigning sovereign can visit a house of cloistered monks or nuns. The Archbishop of Canterbury could, however, scarcely get into a nunnery, as the Rev. Father du Lac informs us that the ancient English sees were erased by Pius IX. from the list of the bishoprics of Christendom.

[50] In the number for 23d July 1887.

[51] A Natural History Society was founded in Autun (a small old town in Burgundy) two or three years ago. It now includes more than four hundred members. Their principal pleasure is to take long walks in the neighbourhood for geological and botanical purposes. They have meetings, lectures, and a museum. Anything more moral or more healthy it is impossible to imagine.

[52] There have been years in the memory of living men when anybody who would take two barrels to a wine-grower might carry away one of them full of wine (the wine being worth less than the wood); and when for the payment of one sou a man might drink wine as if it were water.

[53] An interesting example of English improvidence came to my knowledge recently. A professional man of great talent, who had been eminently successful, died, leaving a widow and a large family of children. At the time of his death the children were all married. The widow was left without a penny, and was anxious to find a situation, because the married children all living up to the extreme limit of their incomes, as their father had done, were unable to subscribe an annuity. In France they would probably all have had savings, and, with the national love of the mother and sense of filial duty, would have cheerfully hastened to provide for her old age.

[54] This is rather too favourable to the English of that day, as they certainly did not take warm baths so frequently as French people do now. They had not the conveniences. Few private houses had a bath-room and few towns had public baths.

[55] Especially in combination with the beautiful colour of the waxed walnut furniture and the red hangings of the beds.

[56] What follows is sketched from life.

[57] Plays were performed on Sunday at the court of Queen Elizabeth.

[58] Dancing, archery, leaping, May-games, and morris dances, were expressly permitted by James I. on Sunday in his Book of Sports. He forbade brutal sports only.

[59] The idea that governs the action of the Church of Rome with regard to the observation of Sunday in countries where she is free to do what she thinks best, appears to be simply the protection of toilers from their own drudgery on one day of the week. She herself keeps the day as a festival, and requires the attendance of the laity at one mass, which may be short and early.

[60] I made inquiry afterwards to ascertain what the parish priest thought of these proceedings, and discovered that he made a distinction. He did not approve of dancing on the public dancing-floors in the village, especially at night, because it sometimes led to wrong, but he was not opposed in any way to Sunday dancing in private houses.

[61] The distinction between sacred and profane music is fictitious, merely depending on the title that a musician chooses to give to his composition. The distinction between serious and light music is real, whatever the title. This is so well understood in the Church of Rome that the priests allow any music to be performed in their churches which is the expression of a serious or sublime idea.

[62] M. de St. Victor managed the estates belonging to the Countess de Talleyrand, and he lived at her old château of Montjeu, one of the most romantically situated places in France, in the midst of a large well-wooded park upon the hills.

[63] The passage is very well known, but I may quote it for the convenience of some readers:—

«И как возможно, чтобы человек, у которого ничего нет, который наг, бездомен, без очага, убог, без раба, без города, мог вести жизнь, которая течет легко? Смотри, Бог послал тебе человека, чтобы показать, что это возможно. Посмотри на меня, который без города, без дома, без имущества, без раба; я сплю на земле; у меня нет жены, нет детей, нет претория, а только земля и небеса, да один бедный плащ. И чего я хочу? Разве я не без печали? Разве я не без страха? Разве я не свободен? Когда кто-нибудь из вас видел, чтобы я не достиг цели своего желания? Или когда-либо впадал в то, чего я хотел бы избежать? Винил ли я когда-нибудь Бога или человека? Обвинял ли я когда-нибудь кого-нибудь? Видел ли кто-нибудь из вас меня с печальным лицом? И как я встречаюсь с теми, кого вы боитесь и кем восхищаетесь? Разве я не обращаюсь с ними как с рабами? Кто, видя меня, не думает, что видит своего царя и господина?» — Эпиктет, перевод Лонга, книга III, гл. XXII.

[64] A friend of mine knows an impoverished French Marquis, the head of an old family, who lives like a peasant in a bare old house that is never repaired. He and his sister consume one bottle of common wine between them each week, and they are served by one old faithful female domestic. Their ruin was caused by lavish uncalculating generosity, by what Herbert Spencer would call the culpable excess of altruism.

[65] It is very significant that as the spirit of luxury has increased in France, the width and costliness of picture-frames have increased along with it.

[66] This reminds me of a French proverb often quoted by an old naval officer whom I knew. Rien n’est bien fait qui n’est pas fait habituellement.

[67] I am myself old enough to remember how, when I was a boy, two gentlemen of good family quarrelled over their port wine after dinner, and one of them shouted to the other, “I’ll pull your nose, sir, I’ll pull your nose!” Some highly polished young reviewer of the present day will say that I had fallen into low company, but those gentlemen of a past time were quite as good as he is likely to be with all his polish, and it is probable that the aristocratic spirit was far more genuine in them than it is in anybody now.

[68] For example, in the French neighbourhood best known to me it is contrary to peasant decorum for a farmer and his wife to walk to church together. He must go first with his male companions, and she must follow with the women. It is also contrary to decorum for a man to be seen giving his arm to his wife, under any circumstances.

[69] I have heard of two cases that ended fatally, simply in consequence of obedience to English decorum.

[70] A French gentleman wanted to let me a country house, and said, with an air of conscious superiority, “It would be quiet and convenient for the prosecution of your—your industry.”

[71] As a system of recruiting party adherents, it has the great advantage of catching rather rich and influential people, especially landowners. Very poor families would gain nothing by the “de,” and, in fact, they drop it when it is theirs by right.

[72] This is stated simply as a fact and not in depreciation. There is not a more respectable class in France than the peasantry.

[73] He also takes precedence of the bishop. An intimate friend of mine was appointed to a prefecture. On his arrival the archbishop sent to say that he would receive him at his palace. This was an attempt to put the prefect in an inferior position, so he answered that it was not further from the palace to the prefecture than from the prefecture to the palace. The archbishop then came.

[74] George du Maurier attributes this happiness in the wealth of others to what he calls “The British Passion for inequality,” illustrated by him in Punch. An Englishman is walking with a Frenchman in Hyde Park, and gives utterance to that passion in these words:—

«Крепкий британец. Все это очень хорошо — воротить нос от своих собственных нищих графов и баронов, месье! Но вы не можете придраться к нашей знати! Возьмите такого человека, как наш герцог Бейсуотерский, например! Да он мог бы скупать ваших иностранных герцогов и принцев дюжинами! А что касается нас с вами, то он смотрел бы на нас как на грязь под своими ногами! Вот это — настоящий дворянин! Это такой дворянин, которым я, как англичанин, чувствую, что имею право гордиться!»

[75] The want of money, in these days, very frequently induces a French nobleman to marry an heiress in the middle classes. This is the most powerful cause of infractions of French exclusiveness.

[76] The essential difference between the scientific and the religious views is that the one sees a special Providential commission, where the other only perceives an undesigned accumulation of natural force.

[77] There is more English poetry of the same order, for example the following, also quoted from Mr. Gerald Massey—

“Oh! this world might be lighted

With Eden’s first smile—

Angel-haunted—unblighted,

With Freedom for Toil:

But they wring out our blood

For their banquet of gold!

They annul laws of God,

Soul and body are sold!

Hark now! hall and palace,

Ring out, dome and rafter!

Ay, laugh on, ye callous!

In Hell there’ll be laughter.”

[78] “Well, before I’d put on stockings no better washed than those!”

[79] “Paid for, is it? It would not have been if thou hadst had to earn the money.”

[80] Just before returning the proof-sheet of this chapter I heard one French peasant describing his landlord to another in these terms:—

«Месье ле Конт — один из лучших арендодателей в этой округе. Он досконально разбирается в сельском хозяйстве, он следит за всем в поместье, но никогда не давит на своих арендаторов, никогда не требует с них арендную плату. Напротив, он всегда готов помочь арендатору в любых разумных расходах».

Упомянутый арендодатель — богатый дворянин, живущий на своей земле, и отнюдь не рассматриваемый с «самой дикой враждебностью», хотя он случайно оказался французом. Я видел его замок и поместье, прекрасную собственность, красиво расположенную.

[81] Probably her chief reason, unexpressed, was that to have been asked in marriage for her good looks would have implied a deficiency of dowry, or, at least, left room for the supposition that there had not been dowry enough, of itself, to attract an offer of marriage.

[82] I was permitted to read a letter from the young lady’s father, in which he said, “The offer was quite beyond anything that my daughter could have hoped for, but after full consideration she decided to decline it, and I think she acted wisely, as money is not everything in this world.” The girl was left entirely free, as if she had been in England.

[83] A girl with £200 a year will expect, in marriage, a household expenditure of £800 a year. I proposed this theoretical proportion to a French gentleman of much experience, and he said that the estimate was moderate.

[84] Of course I mean with reference to aristocratic rank. A duke who has talent of his own is likely to recognise it in others.

[85] An Artist in Goodness.

Публика знает кое-что об актах общественной благотворительности мадам Бусико (хотя они были настолько многочисленны, что невозможно запомнить такой список), но я узнал из нескольких различных частных источников, насколько вдумчивой была ее доброта к отдельным людям. Благодаря долгой практике она стала настоящим художником в добре, развив свой талант в этом направлении так, как другой мог бы научиться рисовать или петь. В ее благотворительности была изобретательность, которая делала ее такой же оригинальной, как поэзия, и такой же прекрасной в своей оригинальности.

[86] In any case a French officer cannot marry without an authorisation emanating from the Ministry of War. A military friend told me that the following mishap occurred to an officer in his regiment who thought he would like to marry a certain girl in a certain town. He applied for permission, which was refused. The regiment was sent elsewhere, and the sensitive officer was smitten a second time, so he applied for permission again. It came in the form of an authorisation to marry not the second, but the first young lady. The officer did so, and discovered, when too late, that she was one of those governing women who order about their husbands like children, so he has leisure to deplore the decision of the authorities.

[87] French carelessness in correcting is especially lamentable in school-books. I have before me a French school edition of Childe Harold, abounding in gross typographic blunders that must be most puzzling to French boys. M. Taine’s Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise is very faulty in this respect.

[88] “Mr. Arnold’s studies of other nations, other ages, and other creeds would, I should have thought, have led him to regard Nonconformity as an universal power in societies, which has, in our time and country, its particular embodiment, but which is to be understood only when contemplated in all its other embodiments; the thing is one in spirit and tendency, whether shown amongst the Jews or the Greeks—whether in Catholic Europe or Protestant England. Wherever there is disagreement with a current belief, no matter what its nature, there is Nonconformity. The open expression of difference and avowed opposition to that which is authoritatively established constitutes Dissent, whether the religion be Pagan or Christian, Monotheistic or Polytheistic. The relative attitudes of the Dissenter, and of those in power, are essentially the same in all cases, and in all cases lead to vituperation and persecution.”—The Study of Sociology, ninth edition, p. 234.

[89] The French in Shakespeare has been said (never by French critics) to prove that he knew the language. It proves just the contrary.

[90] Lady Scott was of French extraction, yet Scott could not speak French.

[91] The place on the steep on the right bank of the Saône, behind the cathedral. Since Michelet wrote, a gorgeous new church has been built there for the miracle-working Virgin.

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ

A

Accent, purity of, a mark of rank in England, not in France, 59

Affections, family, strong in the French, 47;

cooler in England, 49;

cultured in France, 49;

example of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, 51;

English sympathy with the lower animals, 52, 53;

Французская жесткость, там же.

Agnostics, their influence in the French University, 42

Allen, Mr. Grant, just to France as regards Algeria, 202

Союзы.

См. Брак

America, system of Presidential government unsuitable to France, 110

Americans, their condemnation of idleness, 46

Anglicans, philosophical, different opinions, 171;

отношение к догме, там же;

formalists but not hypocrites, 172;

среди английского духовенства, там же;

nearest French equivalent, 173.

См. Церковь Англии

Animals, humanity of the English and hardness of the French, 52;

cruelties in both nations in sport and cookery, 53

Apocrypha, no longer venerated in England, 55

Archery, unbecoming in English clergymen, 7

Army, English, a profession regarding volunteers and militia as amateurs, 92;

старая система покупки должностей, там же;

French army under the Second Empire, raised by conscription but not national, 93;

здоровая революция после франко-германской войны, там же;

real dignity of all military service, 94;

conscription under the Republic compensated by unity of sentiment with civil population, 95;

путем улучшения физической силы и активности, а также расширения образования, там же;

national armies essentially peaceful when combined with parliamentary government, 96;

французы, враждебные войне в Тонкине, там же;

conscription in the English army inevitable, 97

Aristocracy, English, strong views of Matthew Arnold, 324;

overshadowing the English mind, 326;

favourable to simplicity of life, 327;

недостатки французского дворянства, там же;

their contempt for trade, 328;

usurpations of the territorial “de” in France, 329

Arnold, Dr., his personal influence in moral training, 39;

depended on his being a clergyman, 43

Arnold, Matthew, error as regards a French catechism used in lycées, 195, 196;

смешение государства (l’État) с родным краем (le Pays), там же;

charges the French with immorality, 220;

strong views of aristocracy, 324;

his influence, 400;

his division of the English into Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace, 401

Art, independent of luxury, 295;

прекрасные материалы, там же;

the nude, 317;

realism, 318;

depreciation of English art in France, 410;

appreciated by cultivated French artists, 411;

English prejudice against French art, 412, 413;

patriotic bias of French art, 414.

См. Образование, Художественное.

Artists, French, their generosity, 31

Ascanius, his friendship for Euryalus excessively French, 47

B

Bagehot, Mr., his defence of titles, 325

Balzac, a hard-working genius, 403

Beckwith, Miss, the English swimmer, 10

Beljame, his evidence respecting the teachers and teaching of modern languages in France, 20;

recent reforms in examinations and certificates of teachers, 21

Bible, English knowledge of, 27;

French ignorance of, 28, 55

Bifurcation, introduced into French schools by Fortoul’s ministry, 29

Bishops in France, may not ride or drive, 7

Bismarck, Prince, charges the French with hating their neighbours, 83

Блэк, Уильям, его оценка патриотической нежности в «Принцессе Фуле», 66

Boar, wild, shooting in France, 11

Boating in England, 3;

limited in France, 8;

French regatta clubs, 9

Bonheur, Rosa, nothing in common with Landseer, 398;

her reputation in England, 412

Book-buyers in France, 395

Boucicaut, Madame, a true success, 376;

ее доброта, там же

Bourgeoisie, or middle class in France, 35;

ignorant of art, 35;

vastly increased by French system of education, 56, 57;

inferior to the French noblesse in field sports and equipages, but not in learning, 59;

equal in purity of speech and language, 60

Bright, John, a salmon-fisher, 3

Британия.

См. Разнообразие в

Brittany contrasted with Provence, 434

Browning, Robert, unknown in France, 24;

his love for Italy, 72

Burgundy, contrasted with the Morvan district, 436

Byron, Lord, a distinguished swimmer, 3;

widely known in France, 24, 408

C

Cabinets, government of, in France and England, 110

Cafés, French, maintained by habitués, 237;

tend to separate the sexes, 367

Calendar, ought to be international, 124

Canadian society, Mrs. Jameson’s first impression, 81

Carlyle, Thomas, his teaching not followed by the English, 399

Carnot, President, his election a proof of the obedience of the French army to the civil authorities, 94

Caste in France and England, 321;

true and false, 322;

аристократический дух, там же;

titles, 323;

пэрство Теннисона и Виктора Гюго, там же;

strong views of Matthew Arnold, 324;

defence of titles by Bagehot, 325;

faults of the French noblesse, 327;

contempt for trade, 328;

absence of pure caste in England, 330;

new peers, 331;

англиканское духовенство, там же;

French clergy and religious orders, 332;

military officers in France and England, 334;

officials, 335;

Noblesse, Bourgeoisie, Peuple, 336;

английские джентльмены, там же;

fashionable and educated classes, 337;

французское крестьянство, там же;

pariahs in England and France, 338;

неверующие и республиканцы, там же

Catholics, Roman, results of emancipation in England, 125;

английские симпатии к французским католикам, там же;

an international religion, 142;

social preponderance in France, 153;

devotion of Catholic Sisters, 161;

genuine and formal, 174;

либеральная интерпретация иезуитов, там же;

dogma of eternal punishment, 175;

misrepresentation as to the expulsion of religious orders from France, 191,

horror at the marriage of the Protestant clergy, 208;

good reputation of the French clergy, 223;

observance of Sunday for the protection of labour, 273;

incomes of the clergy in France as compared with England, 379

католицизм в Англии и Франции, xii;

насколько преследовался, xvi

Cetewayo, question of England’s right to break his power, 87, 88

Chambers, Robert, self-defence as to the authorship of Vestiges of Creation, 196

Changes, dislike of, described by Sir Henry Maine, 120;

detested by Mohammedans, Chinese, and Hindus, 120;

by women, 121;

provoked by old institutions, 129;

future, in Great Britain and Ireland, 130

Channel Islands, French jealousy of English occupation, 88

Шовинизм, вульгарный патриотизм, ix

Cheerfulness, no equivalent in France, 389

Chevreul, the centenarian, respected in France, 54

Church of England, its social influence over the laity, 40;

its strength, 125;

subjection to the Queen or Parliament, 141;

intensely national, 142;

question of disestablishment, 151;

естественная ревность нонконформистов, там же;

freethinkers not eager for disestablishment, 152;

Mr. Voysey’s views, 154;

many formalists but few hypocrites, 167;

philosophical Anglicans, 171;

их отношение к догме, там же;

examples amongst the clergy, 172;

ritualism promoted by formalism, 175;

old-fashioned Anglican formalism, 176;

opposite ideas of the marriage of ecclesiastics, 208

Church of Rome, founds all moral teaching on authority, 43;

клерикальная ревность к семейному влиянию во Франции, там же

Classics, ancient, proposed abandonment in French schools, 18;

взгляды г-на Фрари и профессора Сили, там же;

neglected in France, 19;

ценность как умственной дисциплины, там же;

decay of the old veneration for in France, 55

Cleanliness, English, an invention of the nineteenth century, 254;

in England and France, 255;

English pride in hardihood, 256;

французские теплые ванны, там же;

cleanly appearance of the French, 257;

эффекты угольного дыма в Англии, там же;

whitewash in England, unknown in France, 258;

superior cleanness of the English, 259

Clergy, French and English, contrast in horse-riding and other exercises, 7;

in yearly emoluments, 379

Clifford, Professor, fond of gymnastics, 2

Closure, adopted by the English from the French, 127

Clubs, more sociable in France than in England, 369

Colonisation, unfavourable to patriotism, 67

Comfort, English passion for, 285;

opposed to Christianity and Greek philosophy, 286;

difficulty of plain living, 287;

English prejudice against self-indulgence, 287;

stoicism of the French peasantry, 288;

comfort combined in England with mental anxiety, 289;

малоизвестны во Франции, там же;

as costly as luxury, 290

Commerce, its influence on art-culture, 32

Communes, proposed payment of the French clergy, 150

Коммунист, смешиваемый с коммунаром, xii, примечание.

Conscription in the French army, faults under the Second Empire, 93;

revolution under the Republic, 94;

improved health of the French nation, 95;

increase of gymnastics and extension of education, 95;

repugnant to English feeling but inevitable in the future, 97;

исчезновение ревности и социальных различий в случае войны, там же

Conservatism and Experiment in French written constitutions, 119;

not produced by love of change but desire for order and permanence, 120;

Сэр Генри Мэн о неприязни к переменам, там же;

tendency of the French to democratic conservatism, 121;

permanent innovations in France, 122;

десятичная денежная система, ведомственное управление, французский университет, всеобщее избирательное право, представительное правительство, 122, 123;

abolition of the republican calendar, 124;

постоянные инновации в Англии, там же;

the Anglican Church, Catholic Emancipation, revolutionary monarchy, 126;

оппозиция французов железным дорогам и англичан Суэцкому каналу и десятичным системам, там же;

adoption by the English of the French closure, 127.

См. Перемена

Constable, revolutionised French landscape, 411

Conversation in foreign tongues a rare accomplishment, 25

Country, not an equivalent word to patrie, 75

Courage, national, apparent decline in England and France, 261;

уклонение от войны, там же;

French courage after Sedan, 263;

запертые в Парижской коммуне, там же;

разница в подготовке в Англии и Франции, там же;

football, duelling, boxing, and bull-fighting, 264;

field sports and military service, 265

Cricket in England, 3;

not popular in France, 4

Criticisms, international, reasonable and unreasonable, 89

Crosses, alleged removal from French cemeteries, 192;

the true story, 193

Cruelty to animals, sympathies of the English and indifference of the French, 52;

cruelties of both nations in sport and cookery, 53

Culture of the affections in France, 50;

нехватка ее в Англии, там же;

example of Queen Victoria, 51

Culture versus Rank, 60

D

Dancing in the open air, out of fashion in France, 10;

нежелательные балы, там же

“De,” the particle, supposed to indicate nobility in France, 329;

assumed by many of the bourgeois, 330;

money value in marriage alliances, 355

Debt, disapproved by the French, 46

Decimal system, a permanent innovation in France, 122, 127

Decorum, difference in national ideas, 307;

French and English bathing, 308;

artists’ models, 309;

natural necessities, 310;

language, 311;

inequalities of strictness, 312;

French reserve, 313;

at funerals, 313;

in literature, 314;

divorce reports in France and England, 315;

английская терпимость к старым книгам, там же;

Byron and Shakespeare, 316;

комические газеты, там же;

the nude in art, 317;

realism, 318

Deer in France, 11

Democracy inevitable in France after Mirabeau’s declaration of the sovereignty of the people, 105;

resemblance in the growth in France and England, 106;

comparison of the two revolutions, 107;

government in France, 109

Departmental administration in France, a permanent innovation, 123

Dicey, Professor, his explanation of the sovereignty of parliament and people in England, 107

Dickens, a great reputation in France as an inventor, 408

Dissenters, dislike to being treated as inferiors, 132.

См. Нонконформист.

Dissimulation encouraged in France by clerical teachers, 41

Dowries, in France, 359;

in England, 360

Drouet, Juliette, her relations with Victor Hugo, 211

Du Lac, Father, his views respecting Her Majesty the Queen, 200

Duelling in France and England, 277;

призыв к божественной справедливости, там же;

its survival in France, 278;

English sentiment expressed in Thackeray’s Newcomes, 279;

французская сентиментальность, там же;

extinguished in England by ridicule, 279;

a modern French duel, 280;

ее причины, там же;

difficulty in abolishing the custom, 281

Duruy’s Ministry, established the Enseignement Spécial in the French Schools, 29

Долг. См. Патриотический долг.

E

Edinburgh, its superiority as an art-centre to Lyons or Marseilles, 36;

the centre of the literature and art of the Scottish Lowlanders, 425

Education, artistic, French and English, 31;

серьезность французов в преподавании, там же;

щедрость французских художников по отношению ко всем студентам-искусствоведам, там же;

extension of art teaching in England, 32;

распространение качественного элементарного рисования среди французского народа, там же;

поощряемое стремлением к коммерческому успеху, там же;

art schools in Lancashire, a reaction against the ugliness of the industrial age, 33;

comparative torpor of artistic life in French country towns, 34;

leadership of art in France maintained by Paris, 35;

academical teaching in England, 35;

superiority of Edinburgh as an art-centre to Lyons or Marseilles, 36;

difficult for the English to understand art, 37;

успех моральной критики Рёскина, там же;

English love of nature an impediment, 38;

более слабое моральное чувство парижан, благоприятствующее их восприятию искусства, там же;

контраст английских и парижских идеалов, там же

Education of feelings of French and English, 47;

культивируется во Франции, подавляется в Англии, там же;

сравнение любви к матерям у французов и англичан, там же;

sentiment of friendship, 48;

coolness of the family affections in England, 49;

their culture in France, 50;

причины различия, там же;

healthy influence of the Queen in the expression of the feelings, 51;

English sympathy with the lower animals ridiculed in France, 52;

жесткость научного духа, там же;

cruelties for the sake of sport or cookery, 53;

sentiment of reverence dying out in France, 54;

decaying in England except towards the Bible and the Throne, 55;

утрата почитания и веры, там же

Education, Intellectual, French and English, 15;

превосходство латыни и греческого поддерживается обоими, там же;

латынь важнее во Франции, а греческий в Англии, там же;

antiquity and mystery of ancient languages and dignity of the teacher, 16;

жреческий характер латыни во Франции, там же;

French contempt for modern languages, 17;

present tendency to thorough study of the classics or to abandon them, 18;

взгляды г-на Рауля Фрари и профессора Сили относительно латыни и греческого, там же;

of masters in the French lycées, 19;

латынь и греческий рассматриваются как умственная гимнастика, там же;

пренебрежение греческим, там же;

inferior study of modern languages in French schools, 20;

неполноценные учителя, там же;

neglect of English, 21;

недавние реформы, там же;

значительное улучшение в учителях современных языков во Франции, там же;

examinations and certificates, 21;

inferior teachers of modern languages in England, 22;

difficulties in appreciating foreign poetry, 23;

English difficulties with French verse, 24;

условное невежество в английской литературе во Франции, там же;

knowledge of languages apart from a knowledge of literature, 25;

hollow pretensions to superior education, 26;

diminution of libraries in France and England, 27;

superiority of the English in a knowledge of the Bible, 27;

science more studied than literature, 28;

современные разновидности французского среднего образования, там же;

старая система Наполеона I, там же;

the Bifurcation of Fortoul’s ministry, 29;

специальное обучение (Enseignement Spécial) министерства Дюрюи, там же;

present varieties, 30

Education, moral training, French and English, 39;

трудность в установлении его результатов для характера, там же;

личное влияние Томаса Арнольда, там же;

national moral sense stronger in England than in France, 40;

моральное влияние Церкви Англии выше, чем у римско-католического духовенства, там же;

clerical education only beneficial to believers, 41;

создает привычки притворства у неверующих, там же;

превращает французских неверующих в лицемеров, там же;

Agnostics in the French University, 42;

моральный авторитет католического духовенства отсутствует в светском преподавании, там же;

moral authority of parents discouraged by the Catholic clergy, 43;

ценность домашних влияний во Франции, там же;

French boys civilised by their mothers, 44;

манеры, приобретенные во французских семинариях, там же;

домашние влияния и школьные влияния в Англии, там же;

advantages of English grammar schools in the country, 45;

конфликт между социальной моралью и международной аморальностью, там же;

value of public opinion as a moral authority, 46;

французское неодобрение долгов и американское неодобрение праздности, там же;

профессиональные добродетели солдат и практикующих врачей, там же

Education, Physical, French and English, 1;

англичане не обучены научно, за исключением гребных гонок, там же;

активность обусловлена развлечениями на открытом воздухе, там же;

physical pursuits of distinguished Englishmen, 2;

профессор Клиффорд, Гладстон, Вордсворт, Скотт, Байрон, Китс, Шелли, Тиндаль, Милле, Джон Брайт, Фосетт, Троллоп и Палмерстон, 3;

cricket exclusively English, 4;

французский отказ от тенниса, там же;

tendency towards gymnastics and military drill, 5;

fencing, 6;

способность к ходьбе английских женщин, там же;

французских крестьян, там же;

верховая езда в Англии и Франции, там же;

contrast in French and English clergy, 7;

относительная строгость в отношении развлечений, там же;

activity and dignity, 8;

исчезновение французского предубеждения против катания на лодках, там же;

swimming cultivated more in France than in England, 9;

exceptional cases of Miss Beckwith, Captain Webb, and Vice-Chancellor Shadwell’s family, 10;

французские танцы, прошлое и настоящее, там же;

полевые виды спорта во Франции и Англии, там же;

hunting in France, 11;

opposition of French farmers and peasant proprietors, 12;

контрасты в физической жизни классов более поразительны в Англии, там же;

идеал целой нации, равной английской аристократии, там же;

sedentary life of the French middle classes, 13;

велосипеды и волонтерство английского среднего класса, там же;

французское крестьянство и английские фабричные рабочие, там же;

сравнение физических качеств двух рас, там же;

decline of health and strength in both, 14

Education, rank of, in France and England, 56;

не классовое различие во Франции, там же;

степень бакалавра, необходимая во Франции для некоторых профессий, там же;

не является абсолютно необходимой в Англии, там же;

French boys trained as bourgeois, English boys as gentlemen, 57;

нет Итона или Оксфорда во Франции, там же;

придает социальное отличие в Англии, там же;

English mistakes about French lycées, 58;

little social distinction conferred by education in France, 59;

чистота акцента — признак ранга в Англии, а не во Франции, там же;

французское дворянство затмевает буржуазию не в учености, а в полевых видах спорта и экипажах, там же;

culture versus rank, 60

Egypt, French jealousy of English occupation, 87

Англия. См. Французы и англичане

Англичане и французы. См. Французы

English, peculiar notions of political evolution in France, 104;

their preservation of an aristocracy and monarchy, 108;

misrepresented in France, 187, 188;

untruthful charges against the French Government, 190

Enigmas of Life, by Mr. W. R. Greg, want of sympathy for the growth of free institutions in France, 105

Enseignement Spécial established in France by Duruy’s Ministry, 29

Epictetus, indifference to comfort, 286

Etching, revival of, 398

Eton, boating and cricket surprising to foreigners, 3;

associated with social distinction, 57, 59

Etty, prejudiced against French art, 413

Europe, considered by Orientals as one nation, 421;

свидетельство г-на Палгрейва, там же;

differences between England and France, 422.

См. Разнообразие в Британии и Разнообразие во Франции

Euryalus, his affection for his mother, 47

Exhibitions, public, English in the provinces superior to those in France, 34

F

Factory population in England, its deterioration, 13

Faith, two meanings, custom and conviction, 159;

sacrifice the test of sincerity, 160;

пример молодого француза, там же;

devotion of Catholic sisters, 161;

an Anglican saint, 163;

an Anglican layman, 164;

a Catholic and Protestant, 165;

political and social convictions, 166

Family influence in France, 43;

undervalued in England, 44;

love of sons for mothers in France and England, 47;

coolness of the affections in England, 49;

their culture in France, 50;

decay of reverence in France, 54;

dispersion of middle-class families in England, 69

Farmers in France, their opposition to hunting, 12

Fawcett, Mr., love of riding and skating after his blindness, 3

Fencing, practised in France, 6

Чувства. См. Воспитание

Field sports, difference between France and England in game-preserving, 10;

game in France, 11;

олень и дикий кабан, там же;

французская охота, там же

Flaxman, his illustrations of Homer appreciated in France, 411

Foreign policy, its continuity in England, 98;

непатриотично во Франции, там же

Иностранцы, беспристрастное отношение к ним, viii;

смешные или злые, x;

their difficulties in society, 25

Formalism, distinct from hypocrisy, 167;

распространенность в Церкви Англии, там же;

among atheists, 168;

in England and France, 169;

на свадьбах и похоронах, там же;

of philosophical Anglicans, 171;

association with ritualism, 175;

weakening effect on faith, 177

Fortoul’s ministry, introduced the “bifurcation” into French schools, 29

Франция. См. Разнообразие в

France, desire for rest, 135;

no ritualist party, 176;

her sympathy with Gordon at Khartoum, 202;

feeling about war, 203.

См. Французы и англичане

France and England, second-class powers, 262;

varying degrees of dissimilarity at different periods, 269;

courtesy in France and England, 297;

caste in France and England, 321;

aristocratic spirit, 322;

comparative wealth of France and England, 339;

creations of the nineteenth century, 340;

developments of industries, 341;

necessity for wealth in England, 342;

French feeling about riches, 343;

sanctity of wealth in England, 344;

sentiments of the poor, 345;

national defence, 351;

marriage alliances, 353;

sociability greater in England, 363;

разделение полов во Франции, там же;

difference in England, 365;

want of amusements in France, 367;

divisions in France and England, 371;

personal success, 375;

известно во Франции средним классам, там же;

money-making in France, 376;

lotteries and private gambling, 377;

overcrowded professions in France, 378;

incomes of French and English clergy, 379;

of the army, public offices, etc., 381;

wealthy traders, 382;

английские производители, там же;

cost of living in France and England, 383;

strong contrasts in France, 385;

little pleasures, 386;

Paris and London, 387;

провинциальная жизнь во Франции и Англии, там же;

industrial civilisation a failure, 388;

French gaiety and English gravity, 389;

national success at home, 390;

comparison of France and England in religion and politics, 391;

in finance, 392;

party feeling, 393;

наука, там же;

manufactures, 394;

printing, 395;

painting, 396;

literature, 399;

poetry, 401;

young philosophers, 403;

журналисты, там же;

dread of war in both countries, 404;

English and French prejudices in art, 413;

difference in the military reputation of France and England, 417;

былая французская уверенность и нынешняя английская тревога, там же;

разница между Англией и Францией. См. Разнообразие в Британии и Разнообразие во Франции;

modern changes in the national character of France and England, 445

Frary, M. Raoul, proposed abandonment of the classics, 18

Freethinkers, not eager for disestablishment, 152;

support state religions, 157;

dislike dissenters in England and Protestants in France, 158

Французы и англичане, благозвучие названия, vii;

вопрос взаимного уважения, ix;

тенденции к сходству, xiii;

католики и протестанты, xv;

оппозиция французских республиканцев Англии, xvii

French and English, Custom, 267;

chronology, 269;

comfort, 285;

luxury, 291;

manners, 297;

decorum, 307

French and English, Education, 1;

физические, там же;

intellectual, 15;

artistic, 31;

moral training, 39;

feelings, 47;

rank, 56

French and English, Patriotism, 63;

patriotic tenderness, 65;

pride, 77;

jealousy, 85;

duty, 91

French and English, Politics, 101;

revolution, 103;

liberty, 112;

conservatism, 119;

stability, 129

French and English, Religion, 139;

state establishments, 141;

disestablishment in France and England, 147;

social power, 153;

faith, 159;

formalism, 167

French and English, Society, 319;

caste, 321;

wealth, 339;

alliances, 353;

intercourse, 363

French and English, Success, 373;

personal, 375;

national, at home, 390;

abroad, 406

French and English, Variety, 419;

in Britain, 421;

in France, 432

French and English, Virtues, 179;

truth, 181;

justice, 198;

purity, 207;

temperance, 233;

thrift, 247;

cleanliness, 254;

courage, 261

Funerals in France, religious formalism at, 169;

unpopularity of civil interments in provincial towns, 170

G

Gaiety, French, compared with English, 389

Game-preserving in France and England, 10;

poaching, 11;

Baron Rothschild’s preserves at Ferrières, 11 note

Gibraltar, English possession galling to Spain, 88

Gladstone, Mr., skill in felling trees, 2;

opposes the masses to the classes, 113;

bitterness of the contest on the question of Home Rule, 114;

causes of his downfall, 116

Glasgow, the centre of the industry of the Scottish Lowlanders, 425

Gormandism in France, 239;

variety of terms, 240;

temperance of the real gourmet, 241

обманчивое использование терминов «Монархия» и «Республика», xi;

по сути, одинаковы в Англии и Франции, там же;

смешение коммуниста и коммунара, xii примечание;

заимствование французских институтов Англией, xiii;

оппортунизм автора, там же;

парламентская система единственно осуществима в Англии и Франции, xiv;

ошибочные действия, там же;

оппозиция французских республиканцев Англии, xvii

Grammar schools in England, their effect on family life, 45

Gravity, English, compared with French gaiety, 389

Greeks, ancient, their physical life compared with that of the modern English, 1;

their surroundings compared with those of Manchester, 12

Greek language and literature studied more in England than in France, 15;

antiquity and mystery of the language, 16;

neglected in French schools, 19

Greg, Mr. W. R., want of sympathy for the growth of free institutions in France, 104;

Enigmas of Life quoted, 105

Grévy, President, expelled by the French chamber, 117

Guyot, M. Yves, proposal to pay the French clergy through the communes, 150

Gymnastics, general indifference of Englishmen, 2;

подготовка редка, за исключением гребных гонок, там же;

accepted by the French as discipline and drill, 5;

подавляется во Франции Церковью, там же примечание

Gymnastics, mental, superiority of Latin and Greek as, 19

H

Harrison, Mr. F., his view of the autocracy of the House of Commons, 116

Hartington, Lord, quotes Professor Dicey’s explanations of the sovereignty of the House of Commons, 107

Haydon, prejudiced against French art, 413

Highlands, French, 433

Highlanders, Scotch, their inertia, 423;

отсутствие предприимчивости, там же;

naturally gentlemen, 424;

отсутствие изобразительного искусства и бедность литературы, там же;

outside European civilisation, 427

Horse-riding, associated in France with military exercises, in England with hunting, 6;

denied to French ecclesiastics, but permitted English clergy, 7;

hunting in France, 11

Home Rule in Ireland, bitterness of the contest between the masses and the classes, 113, 114

Hospitality, decline of, in France, 369

House of Commons, its sovereignty as explained by Professor Dicey, 107;

цитируется лордом Хартингтоном, там же

Houses of Parliament, English, depreciated by foreigners, 415

Hugo, Victor, French veneration for, 54;

his relations with Juliette Drouet, 210;

his peerage, 323;

his resistance to Napoleon III, 402

Hunting in France and England, 11

Hypocrisy, distinct from formalism, 167;

example of a church-going atheist, 168

I

Ideals, English moral contrasted with the artistic of the Parisians, 38

Idleness condemned in America, 46

Ignorance of the English as regards Scotland and Ireland, 81

Ingres, Father, venerated in France, 54

Интеллектуальное образование. См. Образование, Французское и английское

Invasion, no cruel experiences of, felt in England, 75

Ireland, English ignorance of, 81

Irish, their patriotic tenderness, 70;

exemplification in Mr. Robert Joyce the Irish poet, 71

Общение. См. Общительность

J

Jameson’s, Mrs., first impressions of Canadian society, 81

Jealousies, National, reasonable and unreasonable, 89

Jesuits, liberal interpretation of Catholic doctrines, 174

Joyce, Mr. Robert, the Irish poet, his patriotic tenderness, 71

Justice, Intellectual, less appreciated in France than in England, 198;

obscured by party dissensions, 199;

симпатии классов, там же;

английские джентльмены с американскими рабовладельцами, там же;

with French Catholics, 200;

class ideas in England, 201;

во Франции, там же;

vulgar patriotism, 202;

French criticisms of France, 203;

преувеличения в литературе, там же;

French pleasantry as regards Her Majesty the Queen, 204;

injustice of Victor Hugo, Carlyle, Michelet, and Ruskin, 205;

справедливые и несправедливые отчеты о железных дорогах, там же

K

Keats, unknown in France, 24

Knighthood, orders of, retained in England but not in France, 133

L

Labouchere, his resolution against the hereditary principle of the House of Lords, 131

Lamartine, signs of revival, 403

Lancashire, art schools of, 33;

a reaction against the industrial age, 34;

almost a nation, 426;

характер ланкастерцев, там же;

их энергия, поощрение литературы и искусства, и суровый протестантизм, там же;

connection with the Scotch lowlanders, 427;

открыты для европейской цивилизации, там же

Landseer, nothing in common with Rosa Bonheur, 398

Languages, relative study of Latin and Greek in England and France, 15;

dignity of the teacher only to be secured by an ancient language, 16;

древность и тайна, там же;

proposed abandonment of the ancient for the modern, 18;

inferior teachers of English in France, 20;

vast improvement in the present study of modern languages in France, 21;

в статусе мастеров, там же;

low status of teachers of modern languages in England, 22;

difficulties in appreciating foreign poetry, 23;

English difficulties in judging French verse, 24;

исключительное знание Суинберна, там же;

rarity of conversational accomplishment in foreign tongues, 25;

направление будущих исследований, там же;

fail to elevate the mind, 26

Language, English, its musical qualities denied in France, 407

Latin, more studied than Greek in France, 15;

antiquity and mystery of the language, 16;

жреческое и аристократическое, там же;

gave a dignity to laymen over inferiors and women, 17;

proposed abolition in French schools, 18;

neglected as a mental discipline, 19, 20;

required for the bachelor’s degree necessary to professions, 56

Lecky, unknown in France, 24

Leslie, C. R., his depreciation of continental art, 412

Liberty of thought in religion unfavourable to moral authority, 42

Liberty, in England and France, 112;

rule of majorities accepted in England, but not in France, 113;

растущая враждебность классов в Англии и ненависть к г-ну Гладстону, там же;

approximating to that of the classes in France, 114;

opposition of the French Chamber to personal rule, 115;

Gambetta, Ferry, Wilson, and Boulanger, 116;

английская ревность к г-ну Гладстону, там же;

г-н Ф. Харрисон об автократии Палаты общин, там же;

autocracy of the French Chamber, 117;

religious liberty curtailed by political liberty, 118;

свободная дискуссия в Англии ограничена присяжными, там же

Libraries, private, in France and England, 27;

exclusion of indecent books, 219

Литература, сделанная блестящей благодаря злобе, ix

Literature, French ignorance of English, 24;

superseded by science, 28;

more influential in England than in France, 399;

novelists and playwrights successful in France, 403;

English writers known in France only in translations, 408;

Russian novels popular in France, 409;

английский спрос на французские романы, там же

Liverpool, cultivation of the fine arts better than in Rouen or Lyons, 34

London, inferior to Paris in its maintenance of art, 35;

French siege of, inconceivable, 89;

a nation, 427;

a state within a state, 428;

ее стандарт цивилизации, там же;

не островная, а космополитическая, там же;

absorbing the English aristocracy, 429

Lords, House of, its hereditary principle threatened, 131

Lotteries in France, 377

Louis XIV of France, the realisation of ideal monarchy, 109

Lowlanders, Scotch, repugnance to polish, 424;

sabbatarianism, industrial triumphs, intellectual distinction, and taste for the Fine Arts, 425;

their resemblances to the Lancastrians, 426

Lunch, English, unknown in France, 368

Luxury, definition of, 291;

connected with expense and not with cheap pleasures, 292;

развитие, там же;

a home product in France but an exotic in England, 293;

домашняя прислуга, там же;

dress, 294;

independent of Art, 295;

French commonplace, 296

Lycées, French, absence of cricket, 4;

proposed abolition of Latin as compulsory, 18;

question of excluding Greek, 19;

teaching of modern languages, 20;

examination and certificate of teachers, 21;

pupils compared with those in seminaries, 44;

disregard of social distinctions, 58;

их дешевизна, там же;

distinguished from seminaries, 59;

светские хозяева и священники, там же;

deny the use of the catechism described by Matthew Arnold, 195

Lyons, cultivation of the Fine Arts inferior to that in Manchester or Liverpool, 34;

a town of contrasts, 439;

описание Мишле, там же

M

Macculloch, Dr., his description of the inertia of the Scotch Highlanders, 423

Macpherson’s Ossian the one literary success in the Scotch Highlands, 424

Madagascar, English jealousy of French expedition, 87

Maine, Sir Henry, his view of the dislike to change, 120;

interest in Mohammedans, Africans, Chinese, and Hindus, 121;

консерватизм женщин, там же;

his contemptuous estimate of the French President, 135

Majority, government of, in France and England, 113;

a state of liberty only when balanced by a minority, 115

Злоба, занимательная в литературе, ix

Manchester, cultivation of the Fine Arts better than in Rouen or Lyons, 34

Manners, national and class codes, 297;

вежливость во Франции и Англии, там же;

epistolary forms, 298;

French ceremony, 299;

old-fashioned, 300;

embarrassments, 301;

John Stuart Mill’s observation in France and England, 303;

English hospitality, 304;

оборонительная вежливость, там же;

bad manners in France and England, 305;

French manners of George H. Lewes, 306.

См. Декорум

Marriage, French and English ideas of, 228, 353;

неравные браки (mésalliances), там же;

class ideas in France, 354;

pecuniary value of the French de, 355;

лондонский рынок, там же;

le mariage de convenance, 356;

благоразумные браки, там же;

French customs, 357;

dowerless French girls, 358;

varying dowries, 249, 359;

English contempt for small dowries, 360;

clerical influence, 361;

товарищество как единственный идеал, там же;

prudence and rashness, 362;

marriage-feasts of the French peasantry, 369;

marriage of French army officers, 381

Marriage of clergy, opposite ideas in England and France, 208;

Catholic horror at the marriage of a bishop, 209

Meissonier, comparable only with the Dutch, 398

Mésalliance defined, 353

Michelet, his description of Lyons, 439