230
Washington and Greene
231
Outrageous conduct of Charles Le
231, 232
Greene barely escapes from Fort Lee (November 20)
233
Lee intrigues against Washington
233, 234
Washington retreats into Pennsylvania
234
Reinforcements come from Schuyler
235
Fortunately for the Americans, the British capture Charles Lee (December 13)
235-238
The times that tried men’s souls
238, 239
Washington prepares to strike back
239
He crosses the Delaware, and pierces the British centre at Trenton (December 26)
240, 241
Cornwallis comes up to retrieve the disaster
242
And thinks he has run down the “old fox" at the Assunpink (January 2, 1777)
242
But Washington prepares a checkmate
243
And again severs the British line at Princeton (January 3)
244
General retreat of the British upon New York
245
The tables completely turned
246
Washington’s superb generalship
247
Effects in England
248
And in France
249
Franklin’s arrival in France
250
Secret aid from France
251
Lafayette goes to America
252
Efforts toward remodelling the Continental army
252-255
Services of Robert Morris
255
Ill feeling between the states
256
Extraordinary powers conferred upon Washington
257-258
CHAPTER VI
SECOND BLOW AT THE CENTRE
Invasion of New York by Sir Guy Carleton
259
Arnold’s preparations
260
Battle of Valcour Island (October 11, 1776)
260-262
Congress promotes five junior brigadiers over Arnold (February 19, 1777)
262
Character of Philip Schuyler
263
Horatio Gates
264
Gates intrigues against Schuyler
265
His unseemly behaviour before Congress
266
Charges against Arnold
267, 268
Arnold defeats Tryon at Ridgefield (April 27, 1777)
269
Preparations for the summer campaign
269
The military centre of the United States was the state of New York
270
A second blow was to be struck at the centre; the plan of campaign
271
The plan was unsound; it separated the British forces too widely, and gave the Americans the advantage of interior lines
272-274
Germain’s fatal error; he overestimated the strength of the Tories
274
Too many unknown quantities
275
Danger from New England ignored
276
Germain’s negligence; the dispatch that was never sent
277
Burgoyne advances upon Ticonderoga
277, 278
Phillips seizes Mount Defiance
279
Evacuation of Ticonderoga
279
Battle of Hubbardton (July 7)
280
One swallow does not make a summer
280-282
The king’s glee; wrath of John Adams
282
Gates was chiefly to blame
282
Burgoyne’s difficulties beginning
283
Schuyler wisely evacuates Fort Edward
284
Enemies gathering in Burgoyne’s rear
285
Use of Indian auxiliaries
285
Burgoyne’s address to the chiefs
286
Burke ridicules the address
286
The story of Jane McCrea
287, 288
The Indians desert Burgoyne
289
Importance of Bennington; Burgoyne sends a German force against it
290
Stark prepares to receive the Germans
291
Battle of Bennington (August 16); nearly the whole German army captured on the field
292, 293
Effect of the news; Burgoyne’s enemies multiply
294
Advance of St. Leger upon Fort Stanwix
295
Herkimer marches against him; Herkimer’s plan
296
Failure of the plan
297
Thayendanegea prepares an ambuscade
298
Battle of Oriskany (August 6)
298-300
Colonel Willett’s sortie; first hoisting of the stars and stripes
300-301
Death of Herkimer
301
Arnold arrives at Schuyler’s camp
302
And volunteers to retrieve Fort Stanwix
303
Yan Yost Cuyler and his stratagem
304
Flight of St. Leger (August 22)
305
Burgoyne’s dangerous situation
306
Schuyler superseded by Gates
306
Position of the two armies (August 19-September 12)
307
CHAPTER VII
SARATOGA
Why Sir William Howe went to Chesapeake Bay
308
Charles Lee in captivity
308-310
Treason of Charles Lee
311-314
Folly of moving upon Philadelphia as the “rebel capital”
314, 315
Effect of Lee’s advice
315
Washington’s masterly campaign in New Jersey (June, 1777)
316, 317
Uncertainty as to Howe’s next movements
317, 318
Howe’s letter to Burgoyne
318
Comments of Washington and Greene
319, 320
Howe’s alleged reason trumped up and worthless
320
Burgoyne’s fate was practically decided when Howe arrived at Elkton
321
Washington’s reasons for offering battle
321
He chooses a very strong position
322
Battle of the Brandywine (September 11)
322-326
Washington’s skill in detaining the enemy
326
The British enter Philadelphia (September 26)
326
Significance of Forts Mercer and Mifflin
327
The situation at Germantown
327, 328
Washington’s audacious plan
328
Battle of Germantown (October 4)
329-332
Howe captures Forts Mercer and Mifflin
333
Burgoyne recognizes the fatal error of Germain
333
Nevertheless he crosses the Hudson River
334
First battle at Freeman’s Farm (September 19)
335
Quarrel between Gates and Arnold
336-337
Burgoyne’s supplies cut off
338
Second battle at Freeman’s Farm (October 7); the British totally defeated by Arnold
338-340
The British army is surrounded
341
Sir Henry Clinton comes up the river, but it is too late
342
The silver bullet
343
Burgoyne surrenders (October 17)
343, 344
Schuyler’s magnanimity
345
Bad faith of Congress
346-349
The behaviour of Congress was simply inexcusable
350
What became of the captured army
350, 351
СТАРАЯ ВИРГИНИЯ И ЕЕ СОСЕДИ
Джон Фиске
ТОМ I (из II)
CONTENTS
ТОМ I.
ГЛАВА I.
МОРСКИЕ КОРОЛИ.
PAGE
Tercentenary of the Discovery of America, 1792
1
The Abbé Raynal and his book
2
Was the Discovery of America a blessing or a curse to
mankind?
3
The Abbé Genty's opinion
4
A cheering item of therapeutics
4
Spanish methods of colonization contrasted with English
5
Spanish conquerors value America for its supply of precious
metals
6
Aim of Columbus was to acquire the means for driving the
Turks from Europe
7
But Spain used American treasure not so much against Turks
as against Protestants
8
Vast quantities of treasure taken from America by Spain
9
Nations are made wealthy not by inflation but by production
9
Deepest significance of the discovery of America; it opened
up a fresh soil in which to plant the strongest type of
European civilization
10
America first excited interest in England as the storehouse
of Spanish treasure
11
After the Cabot voyages England paid little attention to
America
12
Save for an occasional visit to the Newfoundland fisheries
13
Earliest English reference to America
13
Founding of the Muscovy Company
14
Richard Eden and his books
15
John Hawkins and the African slave trade
15, 16
Hawkins visits the French colony in Florida
17
Facts which seem to show that thirst is the mother of invention
18
Massacre of Huguenots in Florida; escape of the painter Le
Moyne
18
Hawkins goes on another voyage and takes with him young
Francis Drake
19
The affair of San Juan de Ulua and the journey of David
Ingram
20
Growing hostility to Spain in England
21
Size and strength of Elizabeth's England
21, 22
How the sea became England's field of war
22
Loose ideas of international law
23
Some bold advice to Queen Elizabeth
23
The sea kings were not buccaneers
24
Why Drake carried the war into the Pacific Ocean
25
How Drake stood upon a peak in Darien
26
Glorious voyage of the Golden Hind
26, 27
Drake is knighted by the Queen
27
The Golden Hind's cabin is made a banquet-room
28
Voyage of the half-brothers, Gilbert and Raleigh
28
Gilbert is shipwrecked, and his patent is granted to Raleigh
29
Raleigh's plan for founding a Protestant state in America
may have been suggested to him by Coligny
30
Elizabeth promises self-government to colonists in America
31
Amidas and Barlow visit Pamlico Sound
31
An Ollendorfian conversation between white men and red men
32
The Queen's suggestion that the new country be called in
honour of herself Virginia
32
Raleigh is knighted, and sends a second expedition under
Ralph Lane
32
Who concludes that Chesapeake Bay would be better than
Pamlico Sound
33
Lane and his party on the brink of starvation are rescued by
Sir Francis Drake
33
Thomas Cavendish follows Drake's example and circumnavigates
the earth
34
How Drake singed the beard of Philip II.
34
Raleigh sends another party under John White
35
The accident which turned White from Chesapeake Bay to
Roanoke Island
35
Defeat of the Invincible Armada
36, 37
The deathblow at Cadiz
38
The mystery about White's colony
38, 39
Significance of the defeat of the Armada
39, 40
ГЛАВА II
РАССУЖДЕНИЕ О ЗАПАДНОМ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИИ
Some peculiarities of sixteenth century maps
41
How Richard Hakluyt's career was determined
42
Strange adventures of a manuscript
43
Hakluyt's reasons for wishing to see English colonies planted
in America
44
English trade with the Netherlands
45
Hakluyt thinks that America will presently afford as good a
market as the Netherlands
46
Notion that England was getting to be over-peopled
46
The change from tillage to pasturage
46, 47
What Sir Thomas More thought about it
47
Growth of pauperism during the Tudor period
48
Development of English commercial and naval marine
49
Opposition to Hakluyt's schemes
49
The Queen's penuriousness
50
Beginnings of joint-stock companies
51
Raleigh's difficulties
52, 53
Christopher Newport captures the great Spanish carrack
53
Raleigh visits Guiana and explores the Orinoco River
54
Ambrosial nights at the Mermaid Tavern
54
Accession of James I
55
Henry, Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's friend, sends
Bartholomew Gosnold on an expedition
55
Gosnold reaches Buzzard's Bay in what he calls North Virginia,
and is followed by Martin Pring and George
Weymouth
55, 56
Performance of "Eastward Ho," a comedy by Chapman and
Marston
56
Extracts from this comedy
57-59
Report of the Spanish ambassador Zuñiga to Philip III
59
First charter to the Virginia Company, 1606
60
"Supposed Sea of Verrazano" covering the larger part of the
area now known as the United States
61
Northern and southern limits of Virginia
62
The twin joint-stock companies and the three zones
62, 63
The three zones in American history
63
The kind of government designed for the two colonies
64
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the first colony
known as the London Company
65-67
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the second colony
known as the Plymouth Company
67, 68
Some other eminent persons who were interested in western
planting
68-70
Expedition of the Plymouth Company and disastrous failure
of the Popham Colony
70, 71
The London Company gets its expedition ready a little
before Christmas and supplies it with a list of instructions
71, 72
Where to choose a site for a town
72
Precautions against a surprise by the Spaniards
73
Colonists must try to find the Pacific Ocean
73
And must not offend the natives or put much trust in them
74
The death and sickness of white men must be concealed from
the Indians
75
It will be well to beware of woodland coverts, avoid malaria,
and guard against desertion
75
The town should be carefully built with regular streets
75, 76
Colonists must not send home any discouraging news
76
What Spain thought about all this
76, 77
Christopher Newport starts with a little fleet for Virginia
77
A poet laureate's farewell blessing
77-79
ГЛАВА III
ЗЕМЛЯ ПОУХАТАНОВ
One of Newport's passengers was Captain John Smith, a
young man whose career had been full of adventure
80
Many persons have expressed doubts as to Smith's veracity,
but without good reason
81
Early life of John Smith
82
His adventures on the Mediterranean
83
And in Transylvania
84
How he slew and beheaded three Turks
85
For which Prince Sigismund granted him a coat-of-arms
which was duly entered in the Heralds' College
86
The incident was first told not by Smith but by Sigismund's
secretary Farnese
87
Smith tells us much about himself, but is not a braggart
88
How he was sold into slavery beyond the Sea of Azov and
cruelly treated
88, 89
How he slew his master and escaped through Russia and
Poland
89, 90
The smoke of controversy
90
In the course of Newport's tedious voyage Smith is accused
of plotting mutiny and kept in irons
91
Arrival of the colonists in Chesapeake Bay, May 13, 1607
92
Founding of Jamestown; Wingfield chosen president
93
Smith is set free and goes with Newport to explore the James
River
93, 94
The Powhatan tribe, confederacy, and head war-chief
94
How danger may lurk in long grass
95
Smith is acquitted of all charges and takes his seat with the
council
96
Newport sails for England, June 22, 1607
96
George Percy's account of the sufferings of the colonists from
fever and famine
97
Quarrels break out in which President Wingfield is deposed
and John Ratcliffe chosen in his place
99
Execution of a member of the council for mutiny
100
Smith goes up the Chickahominy River and is captured by
Opekankano
101
Who takes him about the country and finally brings him to
Werowocomoco, January, 1608
102
The Indians are about to kill him, but he is rescued by the
chief's daughter, Pocahontas
103
Recent attempts to discredit the story
103-108
Flimsiness of these attempts
104
George Percy's pamphlet
105
The printed text of the "True Relation" is incomplete
105, 106
Reason why the Pocahontas incident was omitted in the
"True Relation"
106, 107
There is no incongruity between the "True Relation" and
the "General History" except this omission
107
But this omission creates a gap in the "True Relation," and
the account in the "General History" is the more intrinsically
probable
108
The rescue was in strict accordance with Indian usage
109
The ensuing ceremonies indicate that the rescue was an ordinary
case of adoption
110
The Powhatan afterward proclaimed Smith a tribal chief
111
The rescue of Smith by Pocahontas was an event of real historical
importance
111
Captain Newport returns with the First Supply, Jan. 8, 1608
112
Ratcliffe is deposed and Smith chosen president
113
Arrival of the Second Supply, September, 1608
113
Queer instructions brought by Captain Newport from the
London Company
113
How Smith and Captain Newport went up to Werowocomoco,
and crowned The Powhatan
114
How the Indian girls danced at Werowocomoco
114, 115
Accuracy of Smith's descriptions
116
How Newport tried in vain to search for a salt sea behind the
Blue Ridge
116
Anas Todkill's complaint
117
Smith's map of Virginia
118
ГЛАВА IV.
ГОЛОДНОЕ ВРЕМЯ.
How puns were made on Captain Newport's name
119
Great importance of the Indian alliance
120
Gentlemen as pioneers
121
All is not gold that glitters
122
Smith's attempts to make glass and soap
123
The Company is disappointed at not making more money
124
Tale-bearers and their complaints against Smith
124
Smith's "Rude Answer" to the Company
125
Says he cannot prevent quarrels
125
And the Company's instructions have not been wise
126
From infant industries too much must not be expected while
the colonists are suffering for want of food
127
And while peculation and intrigue are rife and we are in sore
need of useful workmen
128
Smith anticipates trouble from the Indians, whose character
is well described by Hakluyt
129
What Smith dreaded
130
How the red men's views of the situation were changed
131
Smith's voyage to Werowocomoco
132
His parley with The Powhatan
133
A game of bluff
134
The corn is brought
135
Suspicions of treachery
136
A wily orator
137
Pocahontas reveals the plot
138
Smith's message to The Powhatan
138, 139
How Smith visited the Pamunkey village and brought Opekankano
to terms
139, 140
How Smith appeared to the Indians in the light of a worker
of miracles
141
What our chronicler calls "a pretty accident"
141
How the first years of Old Virginia were an experiment in
communism
142
Smith declares "He that will not work shall not eat," but
the summer's work is interrupted by unbidden messmates
in the shape of rats
143
Arrival of young Samuel Argall with news from London
143, 144
Second Charter of the London Company, 1609
144
The council in London
145
The local government in Virginia is entirely changed and
Thomas, Lord Delaware, is appointed governor for life
146
A new expedition is organized for Virginia, but still with a
communistic programme
147, 148
How the good ship Sea Venture was wrecked upon the Bermudas
149
How this incident was used by Shakespeare in The Tempest
150
Gates and Somers build pinnaces and sail for Jamestown,
May, 1610
151
The Third Supply had arrived in August, 1609
151
And Smith had returned to England in October
152
Lord Delaware became alarmed and sailed for Virginia
152
Meanwhile the sufferings of the colony had been horrible
153
Of the 500 persons Gates and Somers found only 60 survivors,
and it was decided that Virginia must be abandoned
154
Dismantling of Jamestown and departure of the colony
154, 155
But the timely arrival of Lord Delaware in Hampton Roads
prevented the dire disaster
155
ГЛАВА V.
НАЧАЛО СОДРУЖЕСТВА.
To the first English settlers in America a supply of Indian
corn was of vital consequence, as illustrated at Jamestown
and Plymouth
156
Alliance with the Powhatan confederacy was of the first importance
to the infant colony
157
Smith was a natural leader of men
157
With much nobility of nature
158
And but for him the colony would probably have perished
159
Characteristic features of Lord Delaware's administration
160
Death of Somers and cruise of Argall in 1610
161
Kind of craftsmen desired for Virginia
162
Sir Thomas Dale comes to govern Virginia in the capacity of
High Marshal
163
A Draconian code of laws
164
Cruel punishments
165
How communism worked in practice
166
How Dale abolished communism
167
And founded the "City of Henricus"
167, 168
How Captain Argall seized Pocahontas
168
Her marriage with John Rolfe
169
How Captain Argall extinguished the Jesuit settlement at
Mount Desert and burned Port Royal
170
But left the Dutch at New Amsterdam with a warning
171
How Pocahontas, "La Belle Sauvage," visited London and
was entertained there like a princess
171, 172
Her last interview with Captain Smith
172
Her sudden death at Gravesend
173
How Tomocomo tried to take a census of the English
173
How the English in Virginia began to cultivate tobacco in
spite of King James and his Counterblast
174
Dialogue between Silenus and Kawasha
175
Effects of tobacco culture upon the young colony
176, 177
The London Company's Third Charter, 1612
177, 178
How money was raised by lotteries
178
How this new remodelling of the Company made it an important
force in politics
179
Middleton's speech in opposition to the charter
180
Richard Martin in the course of a brilliant speech forgets
himself and has to apologize
181
How factions began to be developed within the London Company
182
Sudden death of Lord Delaware
183
Quarrel between Lord Rich and Sir Thomas Smith, resulting
in the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as treasurer of the
Company
184
Sir George Yeardley is appointed governor of Virginia while
Argall is knighted
185
How Sir Edwin Sandys introduced into Virginia the first
American legislature, 1619
186
How this legislative assembly, like those afterwards constituted
in America, were formed after the type of the
old English county court