15. Экспорт слитков (p. 169)—“In form the prohibition on the export of gold and silver coin continued to 1816. People were allowed to export gold in bars, foreign coin, and bullion the produce of foreign coin; and an oath had to be taken that exported bars were of this character. People were hired to swear that they were so, and sworn-off gold, as it was called, was worth 1½d. an ounce more than other gold was. Three-halfpence an ounce was the bullion-dealer’s payment for perjury” (Rogers’ Economic Interpretation of History, p. 187).
Потребности их восточной торговли вынудили Ост-Индскую компанию приобретать большие запасы слитков и экспортировать их в Индию, несмотря на любые запреты об обратном; и их торговля с ее огромными прибылями была, таким образом, очень ясным примером ошибочного характера теории, которая учила, что золото и серебро нельзя экспортировать из страха обеднения страны. Этот факт в случае с торговлей с Ост-Индией был замечен некоторыми экономистами в начале восемнадцатого века и был тогда ясно изложен автором в газете под названием «Британский купец» (i. 26), который оценил экспорт слитков в Индию и Китай в 400 000 или 500 000 фунтов стерлингов в год (в 1764 году он составлял 369 831 фунт стерлингов, а в 1790 году — 532 705 фунтов стерлингов). «Британский купец» был впервые опубликован в 1713 году.
16. Важные коммерческие события (p. 125)—Among the important commercial events of this period one ought certainly to include the Darien Scheme and the Union of England and Scotland, although these belong more fitly to a History of Commerce than of Industry. The Darien scheme was a project originated by William Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England, who proposed to colonize the Isthmus of Darien and use it as “the key of the Indies and door of the world” for commerce. English capitalists, however, would not support his scheme and it was denounced by the English Parliament. Nevertheless a company was formed in Scotland, called “The Scottish African and Indian Company,” a charter was given it by the Scotch Parliament in 1695, and a capital of £900,000 was ultimately raised, £400,000 coming from Scotland, then a very poor country, and the rest from English and Dutch merchants. The hostility of the East India Company, the Levant Company, and of the Dutch in {250} general, however, never ceased, and it was owing to their influence that, when the ill-fated colony at last set out for Darien in July 1698, the settlers were left quite unaided against the attacks of the Spaniards, who claimed the monopoly of South American trade. In fact, Spanish attacks and the climate, so utterly unsuited for European colonists, sealed the fate of the expedition, and few who went out ever returned. This failure had the most serious effect in impoverishing the Scotch, who could then ill afford the loss, but there is little doubt that it greatly helped to bring about the subsequent Act of Union between England and Scotland, in which William Paterson was largely concerned (1707). The Union proved of considerable benefit to Scotland, as, by it, trade between the two countries became free, English ports and colonies were thrown open to the Scotch, and Scotland found a large market for woollen and linen goods and cattle in England.
Дата Метуэнского договора — 1703 год, и он был организован Джоном Метуэном между Англией и Португалией. Было решено, что британские шерстяные товары будут допускаться в Португалию и ее колонии при условии, что португальские вина всегда будут допускаться в Англию при двух третях пошлины (какой бы она ни была), взимаемой с французских вин. Результатом стало значительное увеличение торговли с Португалией, но еще большее сокращение торговли с Францией, в то время как пристрастие к вину наших высших классов приняло совсем другое направление, ибо портвейн, который до тех пор был почти неизвестен в Англии, стал типичным напитком английского джентльмена, и в Соединенное Королевство отправлялось больше портвейна, чем во всю остальную Европу вместе взятую. Только ко времени торгового договора 1860 года с Францией высокие пошлины на легкие французские вина были снижены, а вместе с ними и пошлины на французские промышленные товары. До тех пор, как сказал Гладстон в своей речи по этому поводу в 1862 году, «почти считалось делом долга рассматривать французов как традиционных врагов», не только в политике, но и в торговле. Этот договор был лишь одной из многих великих заслуг Кобдена перед торговлей своей страны.
17. Упразднение Ост-Индской компании (p. 217)—In June, 1858, the East India Company ceased to exist, the territories of India were transferred to the Crown of England, and the Queen was proclaimed sovereign of India on November 1st, 1858. The Company’s army became part of the Queen’s army, and Lord Canning, who had been Governor-General, became the first Viceroy. All the powers hitherto exercised by the East India {251} Company, or by the Board of Control, were vested in the Secretary of State for India, assisted by a Council of fifteen members appointed by the Crown.
18. Реформы Хаскиссона (p. 213)—It was Huskisson who in 1823 passed a “Reciprocity of Duties Bill,” by which English and foreign ships had equal advantages in England whenever foreign nations allowed the same to English vessels in their ports. He threw open the commerce of our colonies, under certain restrictions, to other nations. He reduced the duties on silk and wool in 1824, and in the same year the Acts fixing wages (cf. p. 107), and limiting the free travelling about of workmen (p. 189) were repealed. So also were all laws controlling combinations of either masters or workmen; though combinations of workmen to intimidate employers were made illegal in 1825.
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
Accounts, bailiffs’ mediæval, 18; modern farmers’ lack of, 113, 205
Acreage of England (A. Young), 114
Adam Smith, 150, 189
Сельское хозяйство, раннее объединенное, 8; до и после Великой чумы, 71, 73; средневековое, 40–45; в 16-м, 17-м и 18-м веках, 109–117; современное, 198–201; депрессия в, 202, 209
Сельскохозяйственные улучшения, 104, 113, 201; банды, 208; рабочий, 40, 71, 79, 119, 142, 150, 188, 205, 208; реформы, 210; заработная плата, 79, 119–121; богатство, 152, 209; население, 150, 153, 206; писатели, 42, 110; союз, 208
Alfred, 4, 5
Allowance system of relief, 188
American War, 170
Anglo-Saxon trade, 3
Antwerp, 59, 95; decay of, 97
Apprentices, in gilds, 29; in factories, 179, 181
Arable land in a manor, 6, 20
Arch, Joseph: his work, 207, 208
Aristocracy: feudal, 32; land-owning, 143, 198
Arkwright’s inventions, 159
Ремесленники: средневековые, 29; современные, 174, 190, 221; заработная плата, 71, 79, 120, 150, 162, 174, 187, 195; гугеноты, 134, 135
Assessments of wages, 107, 119, 187
Aston, manor of, 12
Australian colonies, 216, 225, 229
Aviation, 236
Bailiffs’ Accounts, 18, 42
Baltic trade, development of our, 99
Bank of England, 144, 173, 223
Barons’ wars, 31
Beaconsfield, 227
Beggars (Defoe’s remark), 149
Berlin decree, 173
Birmingham, 152
Черная смерть. См. Великая чума
Blincoe, Robert, on factories, 181
Bodmin, staple for tin, 92
Bombay, 123, 127
Bordars, 12
Boston, port, 64
Boulton’s inventions, 165
Bounties on corn, 200
Bradford, 161, 163, 183
Bread, wheat, 68, 150; price of, 150
Brickmaking, 105, 142
Bristol, 23, 39, 64
Britain in Roman times, 1, 2
Bruges, 95; staple at, 59
Burslem, 140
Bye industries, 155
Calais, our staple town, 59
Cambridge, coal at, 138
Canada, 125, 128, 216, 229
Cape Colony, 216, 230
Capital, 223
Capital in agriculture (A. Young), 115; to-day, 205; loss of farmers’, 203
Capitalist agriculture, 42; cessation of, 73; artisans, 147; manufacturers, 147, 174, 176
Capitalist manufacture, epoch of, 162; present system of, 219
Capitalists and workmen, 221, 222; the coming of, 146, 162; mistakes of (Mercantile Theory), 168
Captains of industry, 218
Cartwright’s inventions, 160
Carucate of land, 16 (note)
Castles, growth of towns near, 23
Cattle in mediæval times, 44; improvements in breed of, 114
Census, 237
Chamberlain, 228
Champaign land, 43
Charlemagne, commercial treaty with, 5
Charles I. and coal trade, 137
Charter, the Great, 34
Charters of towns, 25, 28; of companies, 98
Chartism, 191
Cheese, consumption of, 151
Chester a Roman town, 2, 24
Chinese wars, 217
Cistercian monks wool-growers, 42, 49
Civil Service, 226
Civil War in England, its effect, 134
—— in America, 217
Climate, our, useful for manufactures, 133
Closes, 21, 43
Cloth trade, 54, 55, 135. See Manufactures
Clover, introduction of, 113
Coal trade, 136, 137; influence on manufactures, 164 and map
Cobbett, 175
Cobden, 201, 215
Colonies, our, 122, 128, 167, 170, 215
Combination Laws, 189, 190; power of, 221; of workmen, 191; Combination of peasants in the Peasants’ Revolt, 76, 78
Commerce, early, 4; our first treaty of, 5. See Trade
Commerce and war, 121–129, 169, 216
Commercial progress, 129; depressions, 218, 225
Common fields, 8, 20; enclosure of, 116, 199; pasture, 20
Communal land, 8, 43
Commutation of services for money payments, 16, 41, 74
Companies, formation of trading, 98, 129, 212
Company, East India, 98; Levant, 129; Hudson’s Bay, 131
Competition, appearance of, 92; checked by feudalism, 32; foreign, 209, 220; modern, 219
Положение народа. См. Заработная плата, Ремесленники и Сельскохозяйственные рабочие
Conquest, England after Norman, 37, 39
Continental War, 171, 195
Co-operation, growth of, 221
Corn Laws, 200, 201, 215; Repeal of, 186, 201, 227
Cort’s inventions, 165
Cottars, 12
Cotton manufacture, 164
Графства, Восточные, суконная торговля в, 57, 135, 163; Северные, запустение в средневековье, 38; Северные, перемещение населения в, 163 и карта; Южные, наиболее густонаселенные, 11, 37, 152
Craft gilds, 27, 29
Crisis (United States), 225
Cromwell’s commercial wars, 123
Crusades, 26, 33
Currency, debasement of, 86
Cuxham manor, 17, 18
Dairy Farming, 210; dairyman, 43
Debasement of currency, by Henry VIII., 86
Defoe, references to his Tour, 64, 145, 148
Demand for labourers after Great Plague, 71
Discoveries of Columbus and others, 89
Dissolution of monasteries, 84
Distress of working classes after 1815, 174, 192
Distribution of wealth before Industrial Revolution, 153, 156
Книга Страшного суда, ее историческая ценность, 10; состояние Англии, показанное в ней, 11 и карта; города в, 24; маноры в (Какшем и Астон), 16, 17; население в, 12, 13
Drawbacks of mediæval life, 79, 80
Dreadnought, 227
Голландцы, сельскохозяйственные улучшения благодаря, 105, 110; другие улучшения, 140; войны с (Кромвеля), 123, 130; торговля перевозками, когда-то в руках, 130
Dyeing, 55, 133
Earthquakes, 224
East, development of trade with, after Crusades, 33; in James I.’s reign, 129
East India Company, 98, 127, 145, 216
Eastern counties, manufactures in, 57, 135, 163
Economic folly, 170, 203, 211
Economics, importance of, in history, 238
Economist, 226
Edward I. and Edward III., usefulness of wool to them, 49; their alliances with Flanders, 49
Edward III. and Statute of Labourers, 71; and manufactures, 53
Edward VI. and the Hansa in London, 95
Eight Hours’ Movement, 186, 235
Elizabethan England, 100–109; sea-captains, 97, 122
Emancipation of villeins, 74
Employers, capitalist, 67, 146, 192, 221; their assessments of wages, 107
Enclosures, 46, 116
Англия до нормандского завоевания, 1–9; после него, 11, 37; в Средние века, 68, 81; в правление Елизаветы, 100; современная, 211 и далее; торговая держава, 121
Англия и войны других наций, 216
Estone manor, 16
Expenditure, public increase of, 226
Export of corn, 200
Экспорт в римские времена, 2; в 12-м веке, 33; шерсти, 36, 48, 51, 92; экспорт в 15-м веке, 92, 96; позже, 103, 130, 131, 132, 166, 174, 212
Factories set up, 161
Factory Acts, 181–185
Factory children, 179, 182
Factory system, germs of, 66; growth of, 176–181, 186
Fairs, 53, 61–63
Famine of 1315, 70
Farmers, losses of, 209
Fens, the, 38; drainage of, 111
Feudal system, 8; effects of, 31
“Firma Burgi,” the, 25
Flanders, its manufactures, 48, 52; our trade with, 95, 132, 169
Flemish weavers in England, 36, 37, 53, 103
Foreign competition, 134, 209, 216, 220
France and England, 123, 126, 157, 167, 172, 213
Frauds, Statute of, 115
Free Trade, 212, 213, 227
Friars, the coming of the, 75
Game, 111
Gangs, agricultural, 208
Germany, 134, 167, 217, 227, 228
Gilds, 27–30; in cloth trade, 54
Gild lands, confiscation of, 86
Gladstone’s budget of 1853, 215, (quoted), 227
Glasgow, 3
Gold, discoveries of, 216
Greshams, the, 96
Guicciardini on trade, 96, 103
Hansa, the, factory in London, 94, 95
Hargreaves, 159
Harrison’s Elizabethan England, 104, 108
Henry of Huntingdon (quoted), 33
Henry II., 31; Henry V., 49; Henry VIII., 83–91
History, economic questions in, 238
Hobson, 237, 238
Holland, 122, 123, 168, 230. See Dutch
Home trade, value of, 219
Houses, mediæval, 19
Housing and town-planning, 230
Huguenots in England, 134
Hull, 64
Huskisson and Free Trade, 213
Imports, 34, 63, 93, 212. See Trade
Income-tax, 223
India, 5, 127, 225
Промышленная революция. См. Революция
Industrial transition in 14th century, 55
Industrial villages (mediæval), 65
Industries, manual, 142
Industry, growth of, 212
Infant mortality, 230
Inhabitants of a manor, 12, 13
Inventions, 138, 140, 159, 160, 165, 236
Iron trade, 138, 139, 164
Jews in England, 35
Jewries, 35
John, King, 39
Joint-Stock Companies, 237
Ket’s Rising, 47
King, Gregory, referred to, 112, 114, 116
“Knight’s Fee,” a, 18
Labour, power of, 221
Труд. См. Сельскохозяйственный рабочий, Производственное население и Ремесленники; также Заработная плата и Капиталист
Labour Exchanges, 232
Labour Party, 233
Labourer, the “Golden Age” of, 79
Lace, 103
Land, different kinds of, in a manor, 21
Landlords, 73, 77; rapacity of, 109, 204; their gains, 198; services of, 198, 204
Latimer on rent, 118
Leeds, 151, 156, 163
Liverpool, 152, 236
Lloyd-George, 232
London, 2, 24, 39; the Western emporium, 97
Lord of the manor, 7, 11
Manchester, 152
Manor, 7, 12
Manufacturers and politics, 56, 145; large and small, 147
Manufacture, domestic system of, 155
Manufactures, 36, 51, 100, 135
Manufacturing towns, mediæval, 57; decay of, 65; monopolies of, 101; population, 149, 152, 178, 231
Marconi, 236
Mark, the, 5, 6; mark-moot, 6
Markets, 3, 38, 60; “a sole market,” 168; new, 219
Master clothiers, 66
Meadow land valuable, 21
Members, payment of, 234
Mercantile Theory, the, 168
Merchant gilds, 27, 28
Middle Ages, close of, 81
Mining, 141, 164; women in mines, 194
Misery of working classes, 194
Monasteries, dissolution of, 84, 85
Money, 3
Monopolies, 101, 237
More, Sir Thomas, evidence of, 88, 90
Motor transport, 236
Napoleon I., 173
National Debt, 145, 173, 225
Navigation Acts, 130, 169, 213
Newcastle (coals), 130, 137
New World, discoveries in, 89
Norfolk, 46, 51, 112; agriculture in, 199
Northern counties, desolation of, 38; growth of, 162
Norwich, 26, 39
Nottingham, 24, 58, 60
Oastler, Richard, 183
Old Age Pensions, 226, 228, 232
«Решение Осборна», 234
Over-production, 220
Oxford, origin of, 23, 25
Pauperism, 100, 192, 193, 232
Peasants’ Revolt, 78
Petition, the Merchants’, in 1820, 213
Pigs, 45
Pitt, 171
Plague, the Great, 70; its effects, 71, 73
Ploughing, 44
Politics and industry, 49, 55, 144, 175, 222
Poor Law Commission Report, 233
Poor Laws, the, 107, 188. See Allowance and Assessments
Poor priests, the, 76
Population of England, 37, 41, 108, 151, 162
Ports, mediæval, 64
Post Office, 226
Pottery trade, 140
Prices after the Plague, 72; mediæval, 80; later, 90, 112, 174, 202; inflation of, 90, 225
Productiveness of land, 41
Protectionism, 169, 216, 227, 237
Protestant refugees to England, 97, 103, 110, 134
Railways, 214, 224
Reforms, needed agricultural, 210
Rent, mediæval, 15, 22
Rent, rise of, 88, 112, 118, 119, 204, 224
Restrictions on labour, 189
Revolution, the Industrial, 144 sqq., 157, 161, 164, 190; the French, 157, 171, 190; the Agricultural, 158, 206
Rights of villeins, 13, 43
Rush for new markets, the, 219
Salt, 142
Seamen, the Elizabethan, 91, 97
Serfs, 13
Services due to a lord, 14, 15
Settlement, law of, 189
Shaftesbury, Lord, 183
Sheep, 45
Sheep farming, 46
Sheffield, 58, 152
Silver, discoveries of, 90
Sixteenth century, changes of, 88, 90
Slave, 13; in modern England, 179
Small Holdings, 232
Smith, Adam, 150, 189
Social movements, 68, 75, 142, 146, 190
Social comforts, 105
Soke-men, 15
South Africa, 225, 229
Southampton, 25, 64
South Sea and other Companies, 125
Spain and England, 121, 126, 167
Speenhamland Act, 188
Staple towns, 59
Steam and machinery, 160
Steamers, 214, 236
Steelyard, the, 94
“Stock and Land Lease,” the, 42, 85
Stourbridge fair, 63
Strikes, 235
Taff Vale Case, 234
Tax on wool, 49, 50
Taxation, 174, 232
Telegraphs, 214
Telegraphy, wireless, 236
Telephone, 236
Ten Hours’ Bill, 185
Tenants of a manor, 11; free tenants, 15
Town, life in a mediæval, 30
Towns: in Domesday, 11; origin of, 21; growth in England, 23; charters of, 25; mediæval, 58; staple, 56
Township, 7
Toynbee, Arnold, 186
Trade, Anglo-Saxon, 3, 4, 5; later, 33; expansion of, 91–99, 103, 125, 129, 131, 173, 212, 224
Trade Unions, 191, 207, 221, 231, 233
Trading clauses in the Great Charter, 34
Transit, means of, 214, 224
Truck Act, 194
Trusts, 237
Tyler’s Revolt, 78
Unemployment, 230
United States, 225, 228
Venetian Fleet, the, 63, 93
Village, a mediæval, 19; industrial, 65
Villeinage, land in, 20
Villeins, 13, 41, 68; emancipation of, 74, 79
Virgate, 12
Wage-earning class, rise of, 40, 69
Wages, 71, 79, 106, 119, 120, 150, 174, 195, 206, 220, 224, 230
Walter de Henley on farming, 42, 44
War, South African, 225, 230
War, the Thirty Years’, 134; the Continental, 171, 195
—— cost of, 173
Wars and industry, 81, 122–129, 134, 166, 167–175, 216, 224
“Waste,” the, 6, 20
Watt’s inventions, 138, 160, 165
Weavers’ gilds, 29, 54
Wedgwood, 141
Wheat, prices of, 174, 195, 200, 203; and see Wages
Wiklif, 75
Winchester fair, 62
Women and girls in mines, 194
Women’s wages, 196
Wool, 47, 50, 104, 136
Workers’ Educational Association, 231
Рабочий класс. См. Ремесленники, Сельскохозяйственный рабочий и Производственное население; также 187–197
Workmen’s Compensation, 233
Worsted industry, the, 53
Writers on commerce, 130
Yeomen, rise of the, 73; decay of, 115–116
Young, Arthur, referred to, 114, 117, 150, 153, 199, 206, 221
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Оригинальное написание и грамматика были в основном сохранены, за некоторыми исключениями, отмеченными ниже. Оригинальные номера печатных страниц показаны так: {52}. Сноски были перенумерованы 1–68 и перемещены изнутри параграфов в близлежащие места между параграфами. Транскрибатор создал изображение обложки и настоящим передает его в общественное достояние. Знаки повтора были удалены и заменены на ссылочный текст. Оригинальные изображения страниц доступны на archive.org — поиск по «industrialhistor00gibb».
Страница 135. «Norfork» на «Norfolk».
Страница 170. «with South America,» на «with South America.»
Страница 245. В этом предложении есть непарная двойная кавычка: ««Forasmuch as a man cannot put the price of corn and other victuals in certain,» the justices of the peace shall every year make proclamation «by their discretion,» according to the dearth of victuals, how much every mason, carpenter, tiler, and other craftsmen, workmen, and other labourers by the day shall take by the day, with meat and drink or without meat and drink, and that every man shall obey such proclamations from time to time, as a thing done by statute.»». Это издание опускает ту, что следует за «certain,», но это лишь догадка.
Страница 246. «Parlamentary» на «Parliamentary».
The Industrial History of England, by H. de B. Gibbins; A Project Gutenberg eBook.