ДРУГ МОРЯКА; СОДЕРЖАЩИЙ ТРАКТАТ ПО ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ МОРСКОМУ ДЕЛУ, С ЧЕРТЕЖАМИ, СЛОВАРЕМ МОРСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ; ОБЫЧАЯМИ И ПРАВИЛАМИ ТОРГОВОГО ФЛОТА; ЗАКОНАМИ, КАСАЮЩИМИСЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ОБЯЗАННОСТЕЙ КАПИТАНА И МОРЯКОВ.
Р. Г. ДАНА-мл., АВТОР КНИГИ «ДВА ГОДА НА ПАЛУБЕ».
ПЯТОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ.
БОСТОН: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО ТОМАСА ГРУМА. 1847.
Зарегистрировано в соответствии с Актом Конгресса в 1841 году Р. Г. Даной-мл. в канцелярии клерка Окружного суда штата Массачусетс.
СТЕРЕОТИПИЯ: ДЖЕО. А. И ДЖ. КЕРТИС, ЛИТЕЙНАЯ СТЕРЕОТИПОВ И ШРИФТОВ НОВОЙ АНГЛИИ.
Примечание транскрибера: Незначительные опечатки были исправлены без примечаний. Нерегулярности и несоответствия в тексте сохранены в том виде, в каком они были напечатаны. Обложка этой книги была создана транскрибером и настоящим передается в общественное достояние.
Всем мореплавателям, и особенно тем, кто начинает морскую жизнь; — владельцам и страховщикам судов; — судьям и практикующим юристам в области морского права; — и всем лицам, заинтересованным в ознакомлении с законами, обычаями и обязанностями моряков; — этот труд почтительно посвящается
АВТОРОМ.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
PART I.
A PLAIN TREATISE ON PRACTICAL SEAMANSHIP.
CHAP. I.—General Rules and Observations, pages 13—18.
Construction of vessels, 13. Tonnage and carriage of merchant vessels, 14. Proportions of spars, 14. Placing the masts, 16. Size of anchors and cables, 16. Lead-lines, 17. Log-line, 17. Ballast and lading, 18.
CHAP. II.—Cutting and fitting Standing Rigging, 19—25.
Cutting lower rigging, 19. Fitting lower rigging, 20. Cutting and fitting topmast rigging, 21. Jib, topgallant and royal rigging, 21. Ratling, 23. Standing rigging of the yards, 23. Breast-backstays, 25.
CHAP. III.—Fitting and reeving Running Rigging, 26—29.
To reeve a brace, 26. Fore, main, and cross-jack braces, 26. Fore and main topsail braces, 26. Mizzen topsail braces, 27. Fore, main, and mizzen topgallant and royal braces, 27. Halyards, 27. Spanker brails, 28. Tacks, sheets, and clewlines, 28. Reef-tackles, clew-garnets, buntlines, leechlines, bowlines, and slablines, 29.
CHAP. IV.—To rig Masts and Yards, 30—36.
Taking in lower masts and bowsprit, 30. To rig a bowsprit, 31. To get the tops over the mast-heads, 31. To send up a topmast, 31. To get on a topmast cap, 32. To rig out a jib-boom, 32. To cross a lower yard, 33. To cross a topsail yard, 33. To send up a topgallant mast, 34. Long, short, and stump topgallant masts, 34. To rig out a flying jib-boom, 34. To cross a topgallant yard, 35. To cross a royal yard, 35. Skysail yards, 35.
CHAP. V.—To send down Masts and Yards, 36—38.
To send down a royal yard, 36. To send down a topgallant yard, 37. To send down a topgallant mast, 37. To house a topgallant mast, 37. To send down a topmast, 37. To rig in a jib-boom, 38.
CHAP. VI.—Bending and unbending Sails, 38—42.
To bend a course, 38. To bend a topsail by the halyards, 39;—by the buntlines, 40. To bend topgallant sails and royals, 40. To bend a jib, 40. To bend a spanker, 41. To bend a spencer, 41. To unbend a course, 41. To unbend a topsail, 41. To unbend a topgallant sail or royal, 41. To unbend a jib, 41. To send down a topsail or course in a gale of wind, 42. To bend a topsail in a gale of wind, 42. To bend one topsail or course and send down the other at the same time, 42.
CHAP. VII.—Work upon Rigging. Rope, Knots, Splices, Bends, Hitches, 43—53.
Yarns, strands, 43. Kinds of rope—cable-laid, hawser-laid, 43. Spunyarn, 44. Worming, parcelling, and service, 44. Short splice, 44. Long splice, 45. Eye splice, 45. Flemish eye, 45. Artificial eye, 46. Cut splice, 46. Grommet, 46. Single and double walls, 46. Matthew Walker, 47. Single and double diamonds, 47. Spritsail sheet knot, 47. Stopper knot, 47. Shroud and French shroud knots, 48. Buoy-rope knot, 48. Turk's head, 48. Two half-hitches, clove hitch, overhand knot, and figure-of-eight, 48. Standing and running bowlines, and bowline upon a bight, 49. Square knot, 49. Timber hitch, rolling hitch, and blackwall hitch, 49. Cat's paw, 50. Sheet bend, fisherman's bend, carrick bend, and bowline bend, 50. Sheep-shank, 50. Selvagee, 50. Marlinspike hitch, 50. To pass a round seizing, 51. Throat seizing, 51. Stopping and nippering, 51. Pointing, 51. Snaking and grafting, 52. Foxes, Spanish foxes, sennit, French sennit, gaskets, 52. To bend a buoy-rope, 52. To pass a shear-lashing, 52.
CHAP. VIII.—Blocks and Purchases, 53—55.
Parts of a block, made and morticed blocks, 53. Bull's-eye, dead-eye, sister-block, 53. Snatch-block, tail-blocks, 54. Tackles—whip, gun-tackle, luff-tackle, luff-upon-luff, runner-tackle, watch-tackle, tail-tackle, and burtons, 54.
CHAP. IX.—Making and taking in Sail, 55—67.
To loose a sail, 55. To set a course, 55. To set a topsail, 56. To set a topgallant sail or royal, 56. To set a skysail, 56. To set a jib, flying jib, or fore topmast staysail, 56. To set a spanker, 57. To set a spencer, 57. To take in a course, 57. To take in a topsail, 57. To take in a topgallant sail or royal, 58. To take in a skysail, 58. To take in a jib, 58. To take in a spanker, 58. To furl a royal, 59. To furl a topgallant sail, 60. To furl a topsail or course, 60. To furl a jib, 60. To stow a jib in cloth, 61. To reef a topsail, 61. To reef a course, 62. To turn out reefs, 63. To set a topgallant studdingsail, 63. To take in a topgallant studdingsail, 64. To set a topmast studdingsail, 65. To take in a topmast studdingsail, 66. To set a lower studdingsail, 66. To take in a lower studdingsail, 67.
CHAP. X.—General Principles of working a Ship, 68—71.
Action of the water upon the rudder; headway, sternway, 68. Action of the wind upon the sails; head sails, after sails, 69. Centre of gravity or rotation, 70. Turning a ship to or from the wind, 70.
CHAP. XI.—Tacking, Wearing, Boxing, &c., 71—77.
To tack a ship, 71. To tack without fore-reaching, 73. Tacking against a heavy head sea, 73. Tacking by hauling off all, 73. To trim the yards when close-hauled, 73. Missing stays, 74. Wearing, 74. To wear under courses, under a mainsail, under bare poles, 75. Box-hauling, 75. Short-round, 76. Club-hauling, 76. Drifting in a tide way, 76. Backing and filling in a tide-way, 77. Clubbing in a tide-way, 77.
CHAP. XII.—Gales of Wind, Lying-to, Getting aback, By the Lee, &c., 78—81.
Lying-to, 78. Scudding, 79. To heave-to after scudding, 79. Taken aback, 79. Chappelling, 80. Broaching-to, 80. Brought by the lee, 80.
CHAP. XIII.—Accidents, 81—84.
On beam-ends, 81. Losing a rudder, 82. A squall, 83. A man overboard, 83. Collision, 84.
CHAP. XIV.—Heaving-to by Counter-bracing, Speaking, Sounding, Heaving the Log, 84—87.
Counter-bracing, 84. Speaking, 85. Sounding, 85. Heaving the log, 86.
CHAP. XV.—Coming to Anchor, 87—90.
Getting ready for port, 87. Mooring, 88. A flying moor, 89. Clearing hawse, 89. To anchor with a slip-rope, 89. To slip a cable, 90. Coming-to at a slipped cable, 90.
CHAP. XVI.—Getting under Way, 91—95.
Unmoor, 91. To get under way from a single anchor, 91. To cat and fish an anchor, 92. To get under way with the wind blowing directly out and riding head to it, 92. To get under way, riding head to the wind, with a rock or shoal close astern, 93. To get under way riding head to wind and tide, and to stand out close-hauled, 93. To get under way wind-rode, with a weather tide, 94. To get under way tide-rode, casting to windward, 94. To get under way tide-rode, wearing round, 94.
A DICTIONARY OF SEA TERMS, 96—130.
PART II.
CUSTOMS AND USAGES OF THE MERCHANT SERVICE.
CHAP. I.—The Master, 131—138.
Beginning of the voyage, 131. Shipping the crew, 132. Outfit, provisions, 132. Watches, 133. Navigation, 134. Log-book, observations, 134. Working ship, 135. Day's work, 136. Discipline, 137.
CHAP. II.—The Chief Mate, 138—146.
Care of rigging and ship's furniture, 138. Day's work, 139. Working ship, 139. Getting under way, 139. Coming to anchor, 140. Reefing and furling, 140. Duties in port, account of cargo, stowage, 141. Station, watch, and all-hands duties, 142. Log-book, navigation, 145.
CHAP. III.—Second and Third Mates, 146—153.
Second Mate.—Navigation, 146. Station; watch duties, 147. Day's work, 147, 149. Working ship, 148, 150. Reefing, furling, and duties aloft, 148. Care of ship's furniture, 151. Stores, 151. Duties in port, 152. Third Mate, 152, 153.
CHAP. IV.—Carpenter, Cook, Steward, &c., 153—158.
Carpenter.—Working ship, 153. Seaman's work, helm, duty aloft, station, 154. Work at his trade, 154. Berth and mess, 154. Standing watch, 154. Sailmaker 155. Steward.—Duty in passenger-ships, 156. In other vessels, 156. Relation to master and mate; duty aloft and about decks; working ship, 156. Cook.—Berth, watch and all-hands duty; care of galley; duty aloft, 157. Idlers, 157.
CHAP V.—Able Seamen, 158—163.
Grades, 158. Rating, 158. Requisites of an able seaman, 159. Hand, reef, and steer, 159. Work upon rigging, 160. Sailmaking, 160. Day's work, 160. Working ship; reefing; furling, 161. Watch duty, 162. Coasters and small vessels, 162.
CHAP. VI.—Ordinary Seamen, 163—165.
Requisites, 163. Hand, reef, and steer; loose, furl, and set sails; reeve rigging, 163. Work upon rigging, 164. Watch duty, 164.
CHAP. VII.—Boys, 165—167.
Requisites, wages, 165. Day's work; working ship; duties aloft and about decks, 166.
CHAP. VIII.—Miscellaneous, 167—174.
Watches, 167. Calling the watch, 168. Bells, 169. Helm, 170. Answering, 171, (at helm, 170.) Discipline, 172. Stations, 173. Food, sleep, &c., 173.
PART III.
LAWS RELATING TO THE PRACTICAL DUTIES OF MASTER AND MARINERS.
CHAP. I.—The Vessel, pages 175—179.
Title, 175. Registry, enrolment and license, 175. Certificate of registry or enrolment, 177. Passport, 177. Sea letter, list of crew, bill of health, clearance, manifest, invoice, bill of lading, charter-party, log-book, list of passengers and crew, list of sea-stores, 178. Medicine-chest, 178. National character of crew, 178. Provisions, 178. Passengers, 179.
CHAP. II.—Master's relation to Vessel and Cargo, 179—187.
Revenue duties and obligations, 179. List of crew, 179. Certified copy, 180. Certified copy of shipping articles, 180. Sea-letter, passport, list of passengers, manifest, sea-stores, 180, 181. Unloading, 180, 181. Post-office, 181. Forfeitures, 180, 181, 182. Report, 182. Coasting license, 182. Power to sell and pledge, 182. Keeping and delivering cargo, 185. Deviation, 185. Collision, 186. Pilot, 187. Wages and advances, 187.
CHAP. III.—Master's relation to Passengers and Officers, 187, 188.
Treatment of passengers, 187. Removal of officers, 188.
CHAP. IV.—Master's relation to the Crew, 189—195.
Shipment, 189. Shipping articles, 189. Discharge, 190. Imprisonment, 191. Punishment, 192. Power of consuls as to punishment, 192, 193, 194.
CHAP. V.—Passengers, 195, 196.
Provisions, 195. Treatment, 195. Passage-money, 196. Deportment, 196. Services, 196.
CHAP. VI.—Mates and Subordinates, 197—201.
Mates included in 'crew,' 197. Removal, 197. Succession, 198. Log-book; wages; sickness, 198. Punishment, 199. Subordinates, 200. Pilots, 200.
CHAP. VII.—Seamen. Shipping Contract, 201—203.
Shipping contract, 201. Erasures and interlineations, 202. Unusual stipulations, 202. Violation of contract, 202.
CHAP. VIII.—Seamen—continued, 204—206.
Rendering on board, 204. Refusal to proceed, 204. Desertion or absence during the voyage, 205. Discharge, 206.
CHAP. IX.—Seamen—continued, 207—210.
Provisions, 207. Sickness, medicine-chest, 208. Hospital money, 209. Relief in foreign ports, 209. Protection, 210.
CHAP. X.—Seamen—continued, 210—214.
Punishment, 210. Revolt and mutiny, 211. Embezzlement, 213. Piracy, 214.
CHAP. XI.—Seamen's Wages, 214—220.
Wages affected by desertion or absence, 214;—by misconduct, 216;—by imprisonment, 217;—by capture, 218;—by loss of vessel or interruption of voyage, 218. Wages on an illegal voyage, 220.
CHAP. XII.—Seamen—concluded, 220—223.
Recovery of wages, 220. Remedies, 221. Time for commencing suits, 222. Interest on wages, 222. Salvage, 222.
ТАБЛИЦА I. РАНГОУТ И ТАКЕЛАЖ СУДНА.
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ ССЫЛОК.
1 Head. 45 Main topmast cross-trees. 89 Main topgallant stay.
2 Head-boards. 46 Mizzen top. 90 Main royal stay.
3 Stem. 47 Mizzenmast cap. 91 Main lifts.
4 Bows. 48 Mizzen topmast cross-trees. 92 Main braces.
5 Forecastle. 49 Fore yard. 93 Main topsail lifts.
6 Waist. 50 Fore topsail yard. 94 Main topsail braces.
7 Quarter-deck. 51 Fore topgallant yard. 95 Main topgallant lifts.
8 Gangway. 52 Fore royal yard. 96 Main topgallant braces.
9 Counter. 53 Main yard. 97 Main royal lifts.
10 Stern. 54 Main topsail yard. 98 Main royal braces.
11 Tafferel. 55 Main topgallant yard. 99 Main rigging.
12 Fore chains. 56 Main royal yard. 100 Main topmast rigging.
13 Main chains. 57 Cross-jack yard. 101 Main topgallant rigging.
14 Mizzen chains. 58 Mizzen topsail yard. 102 Main topmast backstays.
15 Bowsprit. 59 Mizzen topgallant yard. 103 Main topgallant backstays.
16 Jib-boom. 60 Mizzen royal yard. 104 Main royal backstays.
17 Flying jib-boom. 61 Fore truck. 105 Cross-jack lifts.
18 Spritsail yard. 62 Main truck. 106 Cross-jack braces.
19 Martingale. 63 Mizzen truck. 107 Mizzen topsail lifts.
20 Bowsprit cap. 64 Fore stay. 108 Mizzen topsail braces.
21 Foremast. 65 Fore topmast stay. 109 Mizzen topgallant lifts.
22 Fore topmast. 66 Jib stay. 110 Mizzen topgal't braces.
23 Fore topgallant mast. 67 Fore topgallant stay. 111 Mizzen royal lifts.
24 Fore royal mast. 68 Flying-jib stay. 112 Mizzen royal braces.
25 Fore skysail mast. 69 Fore royal stay. 113 Mizzen stay.
26 Main mast. 70 Fore skysail stay. 114 Mizzen topmast stay.
27 Main topmast. 71 Jib guys. 115 Mizzen topgallant stay.
28 Main topgallant mast. 72 Flying-jib guys. 116 Mizzen royal stay.
29 Main royal mast. 73 Fore lifts. 117 Mizzen skysail stay.
30 Main skysail mast. 74 Fore braces. 118 Mizzen rigging.
31 Mizzen mast. 75 Fore topsail lifts. 119 Mizzen topmast rigging.
32 Mizzen topmast. 76 Fore topsail braces. 120 Mizzen topgal. shrouds.
33 Mizzen topgallant mast. 77 Fore topgallant lifts. 121 Mizzen topmast backstays.
34 Mizzen royal mast. 78 Fore topgallant braces. 122 Mizzen topgal'nt backstays.
35 Mizzen skysail mast. 79 Fore royal lifts. 123 Mizzen royal backstays.
36 Fore spencer gaff. 80 Fore royal braces. 124 Fore spencer vangs.
37 Main spencer gaff. 81 Fore rigging. 125 Main spencer vangs.
38 Spanker gaff. 82 Fore topmast rigging. 126 Spanker vangs.
39 Spanker boom. 83 Fore topgallant shrouds. 127 Ensign halyards.
40 Fore top. 84 Fore topmast backstays. 128 Spanker peak halyards.
41 Foremast cap. 85 Fore topgallant backstays. 129 Foot-rope to fore yard.
42 Fore topmast cross-trees. 86 Fore royal backstays. 130 Foot-rope to main yard.
43 Main top. 87 Main stay. 131 Foot-rope to cross-jack yard.
44 Mainmast cap. 88 Main topmast stay.
ТАБЛИЦА II. ПАРУСА СУДНА.
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ ССЫЛОК.
1 Fore topmast staysail. 18 Mizzen topgallant sail.
2 Jib. 19 Mizzen royal.
3 Flying jib. 20 Mizzen skysail.
4 Fore spencer. 21 Lower studdingsail.
5 Main spencer. 21a Lee ditto.
6 Spanker. 22 Fore topmast studdingsail.
7 Foresail. 22a Lee ditto.
8 Fore topsail. 23 Fore topgallant studdingsail.
9 Fore topgallant sail. 23a Lee ditto.
10 Fore royal. 24 Fore royal studdingsail.
11 Fore skysail. 24a Lee ditto.
12 Mainsail. 25 Main topmast studdingsail.
13 Main topsail. 25a Lee ditto.
14 Main topgallant sail. 26 Main topgallant studdingsail.
15 Main royal. 26a Lee ditto.
16 Main skysail. 27 Main royal studdingsail.
17 Mizzen topsail. 27a Lee ditto.
ТАБЛИЦА III. КОРПУС СУДНА.
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ ССЫЛОК.
A. The Outside. 5 Half transoms.
1 Upper stem-piece. 6 Main transom.
2 Lower stem-piece. 7 Quarter timbers.
3 Gripe. 8 Transom knees.
4 Forward keel-piece. 9 Horn timbers.
5 Middle keel-piece. 10 Counter-timber knee.
6 After keel-piece. 11 Stern-post.
7 False keel. 12 Rudder-head.
8 Stern knee. 13 Counter timbers.
9 Stern-post. 14 Upper-deck clamp.
10 Rudder.
11 Bilge streaks. C. The Inside of the Bows.
12 First streak under the wales. 1 Keelson.
13 Apron. 2 Pointers.
14 Lower apron. 3 Step for the mast.
15 Fore frame. 4 Breast-hook.
16 After frame. 5 Lower-deck breast-hook.
17 Wales. 6 Forward beam.
18 Waist. 7 Upper-deck clamp.
19 Plank-shear. 8 Knight-heads.
20 Timber-heads. 9 Hawse timbers.
21 Stanchions. 10 Bow timbers.
22 Rail. 11 Apron of the stem.
23 Knight-heads.
24 Cathead. D. The Timbers.
25 Fashion timbers. 1 Keelson.
26 Transoms. 2 Floor timbers.
27 Quarter pieces. 3 Naval timbers or ground futtocks.
4 Lower futtocks.
B. The Inside of the Stern. 5 Middle futtocks.
1 Keelson. 6 Upper futtocks.
2 Pointers. 7 Top timbers.
3 Chock. 8 Half timbers, or half top-timbers.
4 Transoms.
ТАБЛИЦА IV. ПОЯСНЕНИЯ.
Корабль. — Корабль имеет полное прямое вооружение; то есть он имеет марсы и несет прямые паруса на всех трех своих мачтах.
Барк. — Барк имеет прямое вооружение на фок- и грот-мачтах и отличается от корабля отсутствием марса и наличием только косых парусов на бизань-мачте.
Бриг. — Полностью оснащенный бриг имеет прямое вооружение на обеих мачтах.
Гермафродит-бриг. — Гермафродит-бриг имеет прямое вооружение на фок-мачте; но не имеет марса и несет только косые паруса на грот-мачте.
Марсельная шхуна. — Марсельная шхуна не имеет марсов на фок-мачте и имеет косое вооружение на грот-мачте. Она отличается от гермафродит-брига тем, что не имеет надлежащего прямого вооружения на фок-мачте, не имея марса и неся косой фок вместо прямого фока и спинсера.
Шхуна с косым вооружением. — Шхуна с косым вооружением полностью оснащена косыми парусами, отличаясь от марсельной шхуны тем, что последняя несет небольшие прямые паруса наверху на фок-мачте.
Шлюп. — Шлюп имеет одну мачту с косым вооружением.
Гермафродит-бриги иногда несут небольшие прямые паруса наверху на грот-мачте; в этом случае они называются бригантинами и отличаются от полностью оснащенного брига тем, что не имеют марса на грот-мачте и несут косой грот вместо прямого грота и триселя. Некоторые марсельные шхуны несут небольшие прямые паруса наверху как на грот-, так и на фок-мачте; будучи в остальном оснащенными косыми парусами. Тогда они называются грот-марсельными шхунами.
Ship Bark
Full-rigged Brig Hermaphrodite Brig
Top-sail Schooner Fore & aft Schooner
Sloop
ЧАСТЬ I.
ГЛАВА I.
ОБЩИЕ ПРАВИЛА И НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ.