[25]At Kirkcaldy George Drysdale, for some time Provost of the town and afterwards Collector of Customs, was a “steady and much esteemed friend.” His more distinguished brother, Dr. John Drysdale the minister, had been at school with Smith, and “among all his numerous friends and acquaintances,” says Dalzel, there was none “whom he loved with greater affection or spoke of with greater tenderness.” They often met in Kirkcaldy and Edinburgh. The death of James Oswald, who represented Kirkcaldy, early in 1769, was a serious loss to the little society, and particularly to Smith.
[26]Steuart’s Political Economy, 1767.
[27]The most important of these (in Book IV. chap, vii.) appear for the first time in the third edition (1784).
[28]Letter to Cullen, London, 20th September 1774.
[29]Mr. Macpherson’s recent abridgment is the only tolerable one I know of, and that solely because it carefully retains many of the finest chapters, and leaves the flesh on the bones.
[30]A public pawnshop.
[31]Charles Butler, the learned Catholic lawyer, once mentioned to Fox that he had never read the Wealth of Nations. “To tell you the truth,” said Fox, “nor I either. There is something in all these subjects which passes my comprehension; something so wide that I could never embrace them myself or find any one who did.”
[32]See Book IV. chap. vii.
[33]See Skarzinski’s Adam Smith (1878), quoted by Oncken, Economic Journal, vol. vii. p. 445.
[34]See Ruskin’s Fors Clavigera, letters 62 and 72.
[35]Smith avoids the error so commonly committed in modern doctrines of international trade, of regarding a nation as a trading unit.
[36]The second case is simple and uncontroversial. If there is an excise duty upon a home product, it seems reasonable, says Smith, that an equal tax should be imposed in the shape of an import duty upon the same product imported from abroad.
[37]The author of Douglas.
[38]Written from Kirkcaldy, November 9, 1776.
[39]In the Budget of 1778 North adopted two more important recommendations: the inhabited house duty, which is still with us, and the malt tax, which was commuted for the beer duty by Mr. Gladstone in 1880. The house tax proved very productive, as taxes went in those days, its yield rising from £26,000 in 1779 to £108,000 in 1782.
[40]Sir Gray Cooper was Secretary to the Treasury.
[41]Rae’s Life of Adam Smith, p. 326.
[42]See the Life of Smith by William Smellie, a contemporary.
[43]See Sinclair’s Life of Sir John Sinclair, vol. i. p. 39.
[44]Edinburgh, 15th December 1783. The letter is printed in the Journals and Correspondence of Lord Auckland, vol. i. p. 64.
[45]Sir Gilbert Elliot wrote from Edinburgh, July 25, 1782, to his wife:—“I have found one just man in Gomorrah, Adam Smith, author of the Wealth of Nations. He was the Duke of Buccleuch’s tutor, is a wise and deep philosopher, and although made Commissioner of the Customs here by the Duke and Lord Advocate, is what I call an honest fellow. He wrote a most kind as well as elegant letter to Burke on his resignation, as I believe I told you before, and on my mentioning it to him he told me he was the only man here who spoke out for the Rockinghams.”—Life of Lord Minto, vol. i. p. 84.
[46]Afterwards Lord Lauderdale, a finished economist, who passed some ingenious criticisms on the Wealth of Nations.
[47]See Dugald Stewart’s Memoir, section V.
[48]Mr. Rae, the only one of Smith’s biographers, I think, who has noticed Saint-Fond’s visit, dates it wrongly (in 1782), and says the account was published in 1783. The journey took place in 1784, and the account was published in 1797. An English translation appeared two years later.
[49]This appeared in 1786 with a prefatory note expressing the author’s grateful obligations to Mr. Henry Hope of Amsterdam, for his information concerning the great Dutch Bank.
[50]In his first will Gibbon left a legacy of £100 to Adam Smith.
[51]In his Defence of Usury, “Letter XIII. to Dr. Smith,” Bentham had written: “Instead therefore of pretending to owe you nothing, I shall begin with acknowledging that, as far as your trade coincides with mine, I should come much nearer the truth were I to say I owed you everything.” Mr. Rae (Life of Adam Smith, p. 424) quotes a letter from George Wilson to Bentham, in the Bentham MSS., British Museum. I may add to this the following note which I find in Bentham’s Rationale of Reward (1825), p. 332, in chapter xvi. of Book IV., on Rates of Interest. “Adam Smith, after having read the letter upon Projects, which was addressed to him, and printed at the end of the first edition of the Defence of Usury, declared to a gentleman, the common friend of the two authors, that he had been deceived. With the tidings of his death Mr. Bentham received a copy of his works, which had been sent to him as a token of esteem.”
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A Alembert, 132, 139. American colonies, 163, 176-9. Aristotle, 6, 24-6, 37, 53, 74, 194. Armaments, 172-4. Astronomy, History of, 16-18.
B Bacon, 5, 74 n., 118-19. Bagehot (quoted), 204. Balliol College, 9-12. Banks (in Scotland), 101. Beauclerk, 160-1. Bee, The, 21. Bentham, Jeremy, 12, 184, 216; his Defence of Usury, 231-2. Black, Joseph, 83, 96-7, 99, 208, 231, 233. Bordeaux, 123, 141. Boswell, James, 19, 161, 164. Brougham, Lord, 14. Buccleuch, Duke of, 111-14, 131, 135, 150, 153, 157, 163, 213. Buchan, Lord, 21, 99. Buckle, Henry Thomas, 63, 64. Burke, Edmund, 20, 30, 47, 49, 67, 75, 112, 160-2, 171, 174, 221-3, 226, 235-6. Butler, Bishop, 12, 51, 54.
C Calas, Jean, the case of, 124-5. Cannan, Edwin, 71, 78-9, 90 n., 169; the Lectures, 182. Carlyle, Dr. Alexander, 101, 104, 105, 151, 226. Clubs—the Poker, 107-9; the Literary, 160, 161, 212, 216; the Oyster, 216-18, 230. Cobden, Richard, 78, 175, 184, 189-91. Cochrane, Andrew, 101-2. Colbert, Abbé, 121-3. Colliers, 76-7. Colonies, 145-9, 175-80. Condorcet, 133. Cullen, Dr., 26-7, 157, 226. Customs, 88 sqq., 196 sqq., 213-15.
D Dalkeith House, 150-1. Dalrymple, Sir John, 21, 95, 99, 101, 104-5, 216. Degrees, medical, 157-60. Descartes, 17, 55. Douglas, David, 213, 234. —— Jane, 213, 223, 229. —— John, Bishop of Salisbury, 9, 160. Drysdale, John, 3. Dundas, Henry, 201, 228. Dunlop, Alexander, 4.
E Eden, William, 199, 201-20, 227, 237
Edinburgh, 4, 78, 100, 103, 105 sqq., 153, 206, 213 sqq. Encyclopædia, the, 118-20. England, wealth of, 139-42. Enville, Duchess of, 128, 131. Epictetus, 55, 56. Excise, 88-91, 191 n. Exports, theory of, 86 sqq., 190 sqq.
F Ferguson, Adam, 128, 216. Ferney, 127-8. Foulis, Robert, printer, 21, 95, 97-9. Fox, Charles James, 174, 212, 221-2. France, 86-7, 118 sqq., 188, 235. Franklin, Benjamin, 108, 161-2. Free Trade, 88, 142, 176, 188 sqq.; (chapter x.), 220.
G Garrick, David, 130, 160, 212. Geneva, 126-8. Gibbon, 12, 13, 131, 157, 160, 164, 212, 216, 229-31. Gladstone, W. E., 165, 193. Glasgow, 4-9, 11, 23, 27, 78, 95 sqq., 100-3, 222. —— University of, 3-9, 94 sqq., 229. Glassford, John, 101. Grotius, 5, 71, 73, 92.
H Hamilton of Bangour, 21. Helvétius, 132. Hobbes, Thomas, 36, 51, 71. Holland, 90, 139, 172, 192. Home, Henry (see Kames). —— John, 103, 105. Hume, David, 6, 11, 17, 20, 22, 26, 30, 36, 38, 43, 46 sqq., 51, 60 sqq., 73, 95, 96, 103, 106, 110-11, 113, 129, 130, 136-8, 150 sqq., 163-4, 181, 194, 205-11, 233, 235. Hunter, Sir William, 157. —— John, 227. Hutcheson, Francis, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 30, 31, 36-8, 51, 57 n., 62, 64, 73, 97, 181, 229. Hutton, Dr., 216, 217, 233.
I Imitative Arts, 16, 17, 19-20, 33, 67. Imports, theory of, 86 sqq., 192 sqq., 220. Ireland, 200-3.
J Jardine, George, 30-31. Johnson, Samuel, 19, 109-10, 165. Johnstone, William (see Pulteney). Jurisprudence, 69-72, 78. Justice, 68 sqq.
K Kames, Lord, 18, 19, 77, 103. Kant, 40, 58. Kirkcaldy, 1-3, 16, 76, 150-6, 205 sqq. Kraus, Christian Jakob, 185.
L Labour, division of, 81, 194-5. Languedoc, 124-6. Law, international, 71, 92-3. List, Friedrich, 185-6, 189, 196. Locke, John, 5, 25, 73, 235-6. Logan, John, 226. Logic, chair of, 23, 30-3. Logic and Metaphysics, History of, 18, 23-8, 31-3. London, 78, 156 sqq., 227-8. Lowe, Robert, 187.
M Mackintosh, Sir James, 50, 132. Malebranche, 25. Malesherbes, 184. Manchester School, 189-91. Mandeville, 36-7, 53-4, 62. Mathematics, 7, 8. Maxims of Rochefoucauld, 54. Mercantile system, 85-8, 197-8. Metaphysics, 26, 32-3; see Logic. Mill, John Stuart, 165, 186-7, 196. Millar, Andrew (the publisher), 46-8, 138, 144. —— John, 31, 33, 37, 68, 74, 99, 222. Milton, 21, 36, 67, 184. Mollien, Count, 143, 184-5. Monopoly, 159, 220. Montesquieu, 68, 73, 76, 215, 235. Morals, Chair of, 26 sqq., 116-17. Moral Sentiments, Theory of, 31, 37-9, 46 sqq., 232. Morellet, 132, 142, 220.
N Navigation Act, 4, 190-1. Necker, 131-2. Newton, Sir Isaac, 8, 17, 36, 235. North, Lord, 199, 200, 212, 213.
O Oswald, James, of Dunnikier, 3, 18, 22, 104. Oxford, 9. —— University of, 11-15.
P Panmure House, 213-14. Paris, 129 sqq., 136-9. Peel, Sir Robert, 193. Physics, History of Ancient, 18. Pitt, the younger, 184, 188, 200, 222, 227. Plato, 24-5, 37, 194. Police, lectures on, 68-72, 78. Pope, 13, 19, 56. Population, 76. Price, Dr. Richard, 161, 230. Protection (see Free Trade). Pulteney, Sir William, 19, 104, 154-5.
Q Quesnai, 68, 71, 134-5, 142, 169.
R Rae, John (quoted), 14, 28, 94, 101, 106, 111, 114, 129, 211, 212, 226 n., 228. Raikes, Thomas, 228. Ramsay, Allan, 105, 110. —— John, of Ochtertyre, 38, 44, 96. Religion, 183. Review, Edinburgh, 109. Revenue of France, 141-2. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 160. Riccoboni, Madame, 130. Richelieu, Duke of, 123, 127. Rochefoucauld, 129, 131, 133. Rockingham Ministry, 146-7. Rogers, Dr. Charles (quoted), 155. —— Samuel, 9, 127, 133, 230-1. Rousseau, J. J., 65, 136-8, 150, 224, 235. Ruskin, 183.
S Saint-Fond, Faujas de, 127, 223-6. Schmoller, Professor, 180. Schools (public) in England, 12. Scotland, 9-10, 139-41. Scott, Sir Walter (quoted), 217. Shaftesbury, 31, 36, 51. Shelburne, Lord, 144, 148, 184, 188. Simson, Robert, 4, 8, 96. Smith, Adam (the elder), 2. —— Margaret, 2, 8.
Snell Exhibition, 9, 10, 15. Society, the Select, 105-7. Spectator, Impartial, 56-60, 182. Spain, 86, 87, 145, 175. Stamp Act, 146, 147. Stewart, Dugald (quoted), 2, 5, 13, 14, 21, 68, 102, 105, 131, 132, 139, 151, 214, 234. —— Matthew, 7, 8. Strahan, William, 61, 144, 164, 206 sqq., 226. Strathendry, 2. Sympathy, doctrine of, 57 sqq.
T Taille, 142. Tax, Land, 89, 142; the French, 142. Taxation, 88 sqq., 170-2, 176 sqq. Theology, Natural, 7, 37. Tocqueville, 125. Tooke, Horne, 124. Toulouse, 124-5, 144. Townshend, Charles, 48-9, 104, 111-15, 135, 147-8. Treaties, Commercial (with France), 200, 220, 227. Turgot, 68, 71, 125, 126, 129, 132-4, 142, 184, 219, 235-6.
U Union, Act of, 4, 36. Uztariz (quoted), 90.
V Vingtième, 142. Voltaire, 20, 44, 48, 120, 125, 127, 128, 139, 224, 235.
W Wages, 140. Wakefield, E. G., 165-6. Walpole, Sir Robert, 91. War, 172-4. Watt, James, 83, 96-7. Wealth of Nations, 2, 12, 15, 22, 32, 33, 63, 69, 81 sqq., 139, 144, 156, 158, 161-2; (chapter ix.), 163 sqq., 213. Wedderburn, Alexander, 19, 47, 109. Wilberforce, William, 228-9. Windham, William, 226. Wordsworth, 20, 21.
Отпечатано Т. и А. Констебль, принтерами Его Величества в Эдинбургском университетском издательстве
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