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ОЧЕРК ФИЛОСОФИИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
ТОГО ЖЕ АВТОРА
HOME EDUCATION.
PARENTS AND CHILDREN.
SCHOOL EDUCATION.
OURSELVES.
SOME STUDIES IN THE FORMATION OF CHARACTER.
THE SAVIOUR OF THE WORLD: OR,
THE GOSPELS IN VERSE.
Each Volume profusely illustrated.
Vol. I: The Holy Infancy.
Vol. II: His Dominion.
Vol. III: Kingdom of Heaven.
Vol. IV: Bread of Life.
Vol. V: The Great Controversy.
Vol. VI: The Training of the Disciples.
THE AMBLESIDE GEOGRAPHY READERS.
Book 1.—Elementary. Maps, Plans, etc.
Book 2.—Chief Divisions of the World, with special reference to the British Empire.
Book 3.—Counties of England.
Book 4.—Europe.
Book 5.—Asia, Africa, N. and S. America, Australia.
Очерк философии образования
ЛИБЕРАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ ВСЕХ
АВТОР
ШАРЛОТТА М. МЕЙСОН
ЛОНДОН
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO., LTD.
Бродвей Хаус: 68-74, Картер Лейн, E.C. 4
1925
Отпечатано в Великобритании в типографии The Bowering Press, Плимут.
“ALL KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL MEN.”
Comenius.
“Books, we know,
Are a substantial world, both pure and good,
Round which, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood,
Our pastime and our happiness will grow.”
Wordsworth.
Contents
PAGE
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxv
Synopsis xxix
Introduction 1
BOOK I
Chapter I
Self-Education 23
Not self-expression—A person, built up from within—Life, sustained on food—Plant analogy misleading—Mental and physical gymnastics—Mental food—The life of the mind—Proper sustenance—Knowledge, not sensation or information—Education, of the spirit—Cannot be applied from without—Modern educators belittle children—Education will profit by divorce from sociology—Danger of an alliance with pathology—A comprehensive theory—Fits all ages—Self-education—All children have intellectual capacity—Should learn to ‘read’ before mechanical art of reading—Are much occupied with things and books—A knowledge of principles, necessary—Education chaotic for want of unifying theory—The motive that counts.
Chapter II
Children are Born Persons 33
1.—The Mind of a Child: The baby, more than a huge oyster—Poets on infancy—Accomplishments of a child of two—Education does not produce mind—The range of a child’s thoughts—Reason and imagination present in the infant—Will and wilfulness.
2.—The Mind of a School-Child: Amazing potentialities—Brain, the organ of mind—The “unconscious mind,” a region of symptoms—Mind, being spiritual, knows no fatigue—Brain, duly fed, should not know fatigue—A “play-way” does not lead to mind—Nor does environment—Mind must come into contact with mind—What is mind?—Material things have little effect upon mind—Education, the evidence of things not seen—Ideas, only fit sustenance for mind—Children must have great ideas—Children experience what they hear and read of—Our want of confidence in children—Children see, in their minds—Mind, one and works altogether—Children must see the world—Dangers of technical, commercial, historical geography—Every man’s mind, his means of living—All classes must be educated—The æsthetic sense—A child’s intellect and heart already furnished—He learns to order his life.
3.—Motives for Learning: Diluted teaching—Every child has infinite possibilities—The Parents’ Union School—The House of Education—Teachers must know capabilities and requirements of children.
Chapter III
The Good and Evil Nature of a Child 46
1.—Well-Being of Body: “Children of wrath”—“Little angel” theory—Good and evil tendencies—Education, handmaid of Religion—Religion becoming more magnanimous—New-born children start fair—Children, more of persons in their homes—Appetites—Senses—Undue nervous tension—Overpowering personality—Parasitic habits.
2.—Well-Being of Mind: Mind, not a chartered libertine—Has good and evil tendencies—Intellectual evil—Intellect enthroned in every child—A child’s vivifying imagination—Explanations unnecessary—Children sense the meaning of a passage—Incuria—Going over same ground—Dangers of specialisation—Of the questionnaire—Capacity v. aptness—Imagination, good and evil—Reason deified by the unlearned—Fallacious reasoning—A liberal education necessary—The beauty sense.
3.—Intellectual Appetite: The desires—Wrong use of—Love of knowledge sufficient stimulus.
4.—Misdirected Affections: The feelings—Love and justice—Moral education—Children must not be fed morally—They want food whose issue is conduct—Moral lessons worse than useless—Every child endowed with love—And justice—Rights and duties—Fine art of self-adjustment—To think fairly requires knowledge—Our thoughts are not our own—Truth, justice in word—Opinions show integrity of thought—Sound principles—All children intellectually hungry—Starve on the three R’s.
5.—The Well-Being of the Soul: Education and the Soul of a child—Ignorance of the child—Approaches towards God—How knowledge grows—Narration—Great thoughts of great thinkers illuminate children—Education drowned by talk—Formative influence of knowledge—Self-expression—Education, a going forth of the mind—The “unconscious mind”—Mind always conscious—But thinks in ways of which we are unconscious—Dangers of introspection—“Complexes”—Necessity for a Philosophy of Education.
Chapter IV
Authority and Docility 68
Deputed authority, lodged in everyone—No such thing as anarchy—A mere transference of authority—Authority makes for Liberty—Order, the outcome of authority—Docility, universal—The principles of authority and docility inherent in everyone—Crux, to find the mean—Freedom, offered as solution—“Proud subjection and dignified obedience”—Secured by feeding the mind—Subservience v. docility—Docility implies equality—Physical activities do not sustain mind—Many relationships must be established—No undue emphasis—Sense of must in teacher and child—Freedom comes with knowledge—The office makes the man—Children must have responsibility of learning—The potency of their minds—All children have quick apprehension—And the power of attention—Humane letters make for efficiency—Delightful to use any power—Common interests—Powers of attention and recollection a national asset—But want of intellectual interests a serious handicap.
Chapter V
The Sacredness of Personality 80
An adequate conception of children necessary—All action comes from the ideas held—The child’s estate higher than ours—Methods of undermining personality— Fear—Love—“Suggestion”—Influence—Methods of stultifying intellectual and moral growth—The desires—Of approbation—Of emulation—Of ambition—Of society—The natural desire of knowledge—Definite progress, a condition of education—Doctrine of equal opportunities for all, dangerous—But a liberal education the possibility for all.
Chapter VI
Three Instruments of Education 94
1.—Education is an Atmosphere: Only three means of education—Not an artificial environment—But a natural atmosphere—Children must face life as it is—But must not be overburdened by the effort of decision—Dangers of intellectual feebleness and moral softness—Bracing atmosphere of truth and sincerity—Not a too stimulating atmosphere—Dangers of “running wild”—Serenity comes with the food of knowledge—Two courses open to us.
2.—Education is a Discipline: We must all make efforts—But a new point of view, necessary—Children must work for themselves—Must perform the act of knowing—Attention, the hall-mark of an educated person—Other good habits attending upon due self-education—Spirit, acts upon matter—Habit is to life what rails are to transport cars—Habit is inevitable—Genesis of habit—Habits of the ordered life—Habits of the religious life—De Quincey on going to church—Danger of thinking in a groove—Fads.
3.—Education is a Life: Life is not self-existing—Body pines upon food substitutes—Mind cannot live upon information—What is an idea?—A live thing of the mind—Potency of an idea—Coleridge on ideas—Platonic doctrine of ideas—Functions of education not chiefly gymnastic—Dangers attendant upon “original composition”—Ideas, of spiritual origin—The child, an eclectic—Resists forcible feeding—We must take the risk of the indirect literary form—Ideas must be presented with much literary padding—No one capable of making extracts—Opinions v. ideas—Given an idea, mind performs acts of selection and inception—Must have humane reading as well as human thought.
Chapter VII
How We make Use of Mind 112
Herbartian Psychology—“Apperception masses”—Dangers of correlation—“Concentration series”—Children reduced to inanities—Mind, a spiritual organism—Cannot live upon “sweetmeats”—Burden of education thrown on teacher—Danger of exalting personality of teacher—“Delightful lessons”—Across the Bridges, by A. Paterson—Blind alleys—Unemployment—Best boys run to seed—Continuation Classes—Education Act of 1918—An eight hours’ University course—Academic ideal of Education—Continuation school, a People’s University—Dangers of utilitarian education—The “humanities” in English—Narration prepares for public speaking—Father of the People’s High Schools—Munich schools—Worship of efficiency—A well-grounded humanistic training produces capacity—Mr. Fisher on Continuation Schools—A more excellent way—Education from six to seventeen—A liberal education for all.
Chapter VIII
The Way of the Will 128
Will, “the sole practical faculty”—“The will is the man”—Its function, to choose, to decide—Opinions provided for us—We take second-hand principles—One possible achievement, character—Aim in education, less conduct than character—Assaults upon the will—“Suggestion”—Voluntary and involuntary action—We must choose between suggestions—Danger of suggestion given by another with intent—Vicarious choosing—Weakens power of choice—Parasitic creatures may become criminal—Gordon Riots—His will, the safeguard of a man—Indecent to probe thoughts of the “unconscious mind”—Right thinking, not self-expression—It flows upon the stimulus of an idea—Will must be fortified—Knowledge of the “city of Mansoul” necessary—Also instruction concerning the will—Dangers of drifting—A child must distinguish between will and wilfulness—A strong will and “being good”—Will must have object outside of self—Is of slow growth—Will v. impulse—A constant will, compasses evil or good—The “single eye”—Bushido—Will, subject to solicitation—Does not act alone—Takes the whole man—He must understand in order to will—Will, a free agent—Choice, a heavy labour—Obedience, the sustainer of personality—Obedience of choice—Persons of constant will—Dangers of weak allowance—Two services open to all—Self and God—Will is supreme—Will wearies of opposition—Diversion—The “way of the will”—Freewill—We may not think what we please—Will supported by instructed conscience and trained reason—Education must prepare for immediate choice—Adequate education must be outward bound.
Chapter IX
The Way of the Reason 139
Reason brings forward infallible proofs—May be furtherer of counsels, good or bad—Inventions—How did you think of it?—Children should follow steps of reasoning—Psychology of crime—Reasonable and right, not synonymous—Reason works involuntarily—Reason never begins it—Reason will affirm any theory—Logic, the formula of reason—But not necessarily right—Beauty and wonder of act of reasoning—But there are limitations—We must be able to expose fallacies—Karl Marx—Socialistic thought of to-day—Reason requires material to work upon—Reason subject to habit—Children must have principles—Be able to detect fallacies—Must know what Religion is—Miracles—Quasi-religious offers—Great things of life cannot be proved—Reason is fallible—Children, intensely reasonable—Reasoning power of a child does not wait upon training—But children do not generalise—Must not be hurried to formulate—Mathematics should not monopolise undue time—Cannot alone produce a reasonable soul.
Chapter X
The Curriculum 154
Standard in Secondary Schools set by public examinations—Elementary Schools less limited with regard to subjects—A complete curriculum in the nature of things—Education still at sea—Children have inherent claims—Law of supply and demand—Human nature a composite whole—The educational rights of man—We may not pick and choose—Shelley offers a key—Mistakes v. howlers—Knowledge should be consecutive, intelligent, complete—Hours of work, not number of subjects, bring fatigue—Short hours—No preparation.
Section I: The Knowledge of God 158
Knowledge of God indispensable—Mothers communicate it best—Relation to God a first-born affinity—“Kiddies” not expected to understand—School education begins at six—No conscious mental effort should be required earlier—Dr. Johnson on “telling again”—Two aspects of Religion—Attitude of Will towards God—Gradual perception of God—Goethe on repose of soul—Children must have passive as well as active principle—New Testament teaching must be grounded on Old—Sceptical children—Must not be evaded or answered finally—A thoughtful commentator necessary—Method of lessons, six to twelve, twelve to fifteen, fifteen to eighteen—Aids of modern scholarship—Dogmatic teaching comes by inference—Very little hortatory teaching desirable—Synthetic study of life and teaching of Christ, a necessity—“Authentic comment” essayed in verse—Catechism—Prayer Book—Church History.
Section II: The Knowledge of Man 169
(a) History: Montaigne on history—The League of Nations and its parallels—Henry VIII on precedent—Dangers of indifference to history—Rational patriotism depends upon knowledge of history—History must give more than impressions and opinions—P.U.S. method multiplies time—Concentrated attention given to the right books—Condition, a single reading—Attention a natural function—Teacher’s interest an incentive—Teacher who “makes allowance” for wandering, hinders—Narration in the history lesson—Distinction between word memory and mind memory—English history for children of six to nine—Of nine to twelve—French history—Ancient history—For children of twelve to fifteen—Indian history—European history—History for pupils of fifteen to eighteen—Literature—A mental pageant of history—Gives weight to decisions, consideration to action, stability to conduct—Labour unrest—Infinite educability of all classes—Equal opportunity should be afforded—But uneasiness apt to follow—Knowledge brings its own satisfaction—Education merely a means of getting on, or, of progress towards high thinking and plain living.
II: The Knowledge of Man 180
(b) Literature: Literature in Form I—Classics, not written down—In Form II—Children show originality in “mere narration”—Just as Scott, Shakespeare, Homer—Children all sit down to the same feast—Each gets according to his needs and powers—Reading for Forms III and IV—Abridged editions undesirable—Children take pleasure in the “dry” parts—Must have a sense of wide spaces for the imagination to wander in—Judgment turns over the folios of the mind—Statesmanship, formed upon wide reading—Reading for Forms V and VI (fifteen to eighteen).
II: The Knowledge of Man 185
(c) Morals and Economics: Citizenship: Form I—Tales—Fables—Hears of great citizens—Form II—The inspiration of citizenship—Plutarch—Present day citizenship—Problems of good and evil—Plutarch does not label actions—Children weary of the doctored tale—The human story always interesting—Jacob—The good, which is all virtuous, palls—Children must see life whole—Must be protected from grossness by literary medium—Learn the science of proportion—Difficulty of choosing books—Chastely taught children watch their thoughts—Expurgated editions—Processes of nature must not be associated with impurity—Games—Offences bred in the mind—Mind must be continually and wholesomely occupied—A sound body and a sound mind—Ourselves, our Souls and Bodies—An ordered presentation of the possibilities and powers of human nature.
II: The Knowledge of Man 190
(d) Composition: Oral, from six to seven—Dangers of teaching composition—The art of “telling”—Power of composition innate—Oral and written from nine to twelve—Integral part of education in every subject—From twelve to fifteen—An inevitable consequence of free and exact use of books—Verse—Scansion—Rhythm—Accent—Subject must be one of keen interest—From fifteen to eighteen, some definite teaching—Suggestions or corrections—Education bears on the issues and interests of everyday life.
II: The Knowledge of Man 209
(e) Languages: English—Grammar—Begin with sentence—Difficulty of abstract knowledge—French—Narration from the beginning—Italian—German—Latin.
II: The Knowledge of Man 213
(f) Art: Art is of the spirit—Reverent knowledge of pictures themselves—Method—No talk of schools of painting or style—Picture tells its own tale—Drawing—Original illustrations—Figures—Objects—Colour—Field studies—Architecture—Clay-modelling—Artistic handicrafts—Musical Appreciation.
Section III: The Knowledge of the Universe 218
(a) Science: Huxley—“Common information”—Books should be literary in character—French approach to science—Principles underlying science meet for literary treatment—Details of application too technical for school work—Universal principles must be linked with common incidents—Verbiage that darkens counsel—Out-of-door work—Natural history, botany, astronomy, physiology, hygiene, general science—A due combination of field work with literary comments—Fatal divorce between science and the “humanities”—Nature Note Books—Science not a utilitarian subject.
Geography: Suffers from utilitarian spirit—Mystery and beauty gone—Modern geography, concerned with man’s profit—A map should unfold a panorama of delight—Map work—Children read and picture descriptions—Knowledge of England, a key to the world—Naval history—Empire geography—Current geography—Countries of Europe—Romance of natural features, peoples, history, industries—Generalisations, not geography—Children must see with the mind’s eye—Two ways of teaching geography—Inferential method—But general principles open to modification—No local colour and personal interests—No imaginative conception—Panoramic method—Gives colour, detail, proportion, principles—Pictures not of much use—Except those constructed by the imagination from written descriptions—Survey of Asia—Africa—America—Physical geography—Geography in connection with history—Practical geography.