Сочетания в салатах. — Вам сразу придет на ум несколько известных сочетаний. В мясные салаты обычно добавляют сельдерей. Можно использовать несколько овощей вместе, например, фасоль и морковь, или морковь, горошек и стручковую фасоль с листьями салата. Яблоки, орехи и сельдерей создают приятное сочетание. Поистине, здесь, кажется, нет предела возможностям.
Fig. 68.—A salad with salmon molded in gelatin. Courtesy of Dept. of Foods and Cookery, Teachers College.
Подача и украшение. — Принцип здесь заключается в том, чтобы сделать блюдо привлекательным при минимальных затратах труда. Все, что подается в качестве украшения, должно быть съедобным. Подушка из хрустящих сухих листьев салата — самое привлекательное оформление для любого салата. Когда их нет, кресс-салат создает привлекательную кайму для салата. На рис. 68 показано желе из лосося, сформованное в кольцо и привлекательно поданное на листьях салата. На рис. 67 показан огурец, выложенный на листья салата, заправленный французской заправкой и посыпанный рубленым перцем. Огурец нарезан для подачи; ломтики прорезаны не до конца. Это готовится быстро и выглядит очень привлекательно. Когда салат разложен по тарелкам, его следует поставить в холодильник и держать там до тех пор, пока не придет время подавать на стол. Иногда салат подают на индивидуальных тарелках.
1. French dressing.
Ingredients.
Salt1⁄2teaspoonful Pepper1⁄4teaspoonful Vinegar2tablespoonfuls Olive oil4tablespoonfuls
Method.
Mix the salt, pepper, and vinegar and stir in the olive oil slowly. A few drops of onion juice may be added.
2. Mayonnaise dressing.
Ingredients.
Mustard1teaspoonful Salt1teaspoonful Powdered sugar1teaspoonful A few grains of cayenne EggsYolksof 2 Lemon juice2tablespoonfuls Vinegar2tablespoonfuls Olive oil11⁄2cups
Method.
Stir together the eggs, mustard, salt, pepper, and sugar. Add the oil, a drop at a time, stirring and beating constantly. The back of a silver fork is a good thing for mixing mayonnaise, though some people prefer a Dover beater. As the dressing becomes very thick it should be thinned occasionally with vinegar and lemon, alternately, but never let it lose its consistency. After the first, the oil may be added more rapidly. All ingredients and utensils must be cold. If the weather is warm, the bowl should be surrounded with ice water. If the dressing should separate, begin with another yolk of egg and stir the separated mixture into it slowly, as before. Set the bowl in a cold place and it should keep for many days.
3. Boiled dressing.
Ingredients.
Eggs2 Mustard1⁄2teaspoonful Salt1⁄2tablespoonful Sugar1⁄2tablespoonful Vinegar3tablespoonfuls Hot water1⁄2cup Butter1tablespoonful A few grains
of cayenne
Method.
Mix the dry ingredients and beat with the eggs until light. Add the vinegar and water and cook in a double boiler, stirring constantly until thick and smooth. Remove from the fire, stir in the butter and set away to cool. A little cream added after the dressing cools is a great addition. Sour cream may be used instead of the water, in which case less vinegar and butter should be used.
4. Potato salad.
Ingredients.
Potatoes, cold-boiled or baked Parsley or onion juice Egg, hard-boiled, olives, pickled beets, etc. French dressing
Method.
Cut the cold-boiled or baked potatoes into 1⁄2-inch cubes. Marinate (i.e. mix and let stand) with French dressing. Chopped parsley or onion juice may be mixed with potatoes. Arrange in a mound and garnish with slices of hard-boiled egg, olives, pickled beets, etc.
5. Chicken salad.
Ingredients.
Cold-boiled or roast fowl Celery, 1⁄2 as much as fowl French dressing Mayonnaise or boiled dressing Olives
Method.
Cut cold-boiled or roast fowl in 1⁄2-inch cubes. Add to this 1⁄2 as much celery which has been washed, scraped, and cut into cubes. Marinate with French dressing. Just before serving moisten with mayonnaise or boiled salad dressing. Garnish with celery tips and olives.
6. Waldorf salad.
Ingredients.
Apples, tart and juicy Celery, 1⁄2 as much as apples Mayonnaise dressing Lettuce leaves
Method.
Select tart, juicy apples. Cut in quarters, pare and core and cut in 1⁄2-inch cubes. Add half as much celery, washed, scraped, and cut into cubes. Mix with boiled or mayonnaise dressing and serve cold on lettuce leaves. If handsome red apples can be had, they may be washed and polished and a slice cut from the stem end and the apple used as a cup after scooping out the inside to use for a filling with the celery. Serve on a lettuce leaf. Chopped nuts may be mixed with the apple and celery if desired.
7. Stuffed tomato salad.
Ingredients.
Tomatoes, medium sized Boiling water Salt Cucumbers (or celery) Mayonnaise dressing Lettuce leaves
Method.
Cover medium sized tomatoes with boiling water for a minute and remove the skin. Cut a thin slice from the top and take out part of the seeds and pulp. Sprinkle inside of the tomato with salt, invert, and let stand one half hour. Fill tomatoes with cucumbers (or celery) cut in small cubes and moistened with mayonnaise dressing. Arrange on lettuce leaves and garnish top with mayonnaise dressing.
Организация лабораторных занятий. — 1/2 яичного желтка (1 чайная ложка) и 1/4 чашки оливкового масла — это минимальное количество, которое целесообразно использовать при приготовлении майонеза. Это количество, приготовленное группами по два человека, хорошо подходит, так как процесс добавления масла по капле сложен для начинающего, работающего в одиночку. Заварной соус хорошо подходит в качестве вариации заварного крема.
Desserts
Десерт в нашей стране включает сладкое блюдо или фрукты в конце трапезы. В простых трапезах десерт обычно состоит из чего-то одного, хотя в более изысканных трапезах фрукты подают после сладкого блюда, а иногда в самом конце подают крекеры и сыр. С точки зрения питания и усвояемости это излишне, и вы заметите, что когда подают и то, и другое, от фруктов часто отказываются. Как и салат, десерт может быть приготовлен из большого разнообразия материалов и носить разные названия. Существуют горячие пудинги и холодные пудинги, пироги и тарталетки, желе, мороженое и ледяные десерты. Очень интересно прочитать о множестве блюд этого класса в кулинарной книге и попытаться классифицировать их. Если вам посчастливится получить доступ к кулинарной книге восемнадцатого века, вы обнаружите, что много труда уходило на приготовление сложных конструкций, которые служили украшением стола; даже сейчас вы найдете французских поваров, которые тратят много времени на создание сложных демонстраций своего мастерства. Для повседневной жизни десерт должен быть привлекательным на вид и при этом простым.
Materials used in desserts.
Eggs, milk, and cream; these are important and are used in custards, in dishes stiffened with gelatin or thickened with cornstarch, or in ice cream.
Breadstuffs.—Cake and sponge cake, bread crumbs and sliced bread, are valuable in desserts. Bread pudding may be made a very delicious dish. Bread may be combined with fruit in the shape of an escalloped dish. Baking-powder biscuits, crust, and shortcake are also used.
Other starchy substances.—These are cornstarch, arrowroot, sago, tapioca and manioca.
Fruits.—Raw and cooked fruits of every possible kind. A few fruits like the lemon, orange, grapefruit, and melon are not cooked. For preparing fruit served alone, see Chapter VI.
Gelatin.—This material has been mentioned in the chapter on meat. It is prepared for use in desserts in a number of forms, the granular being the most convenient. Gelatin has the property, first, of absorbing water, then of dissolving at the boiling temperature of water and becoming stiff again when cool. After dissolving, as it is cooling and just as it begins to thicken slightly, it can be beaten like white of egg. If beating is attempted while the liquid is warm, or again if it becomes too stiff, the result is not successful. This property makes it useful in the sponges and other fancy desserts where the light spongy texture is desirable.
Fig. 69.—A gelatin mold. Courtesy of Dept. of Foods and Cookery, Teachers College.
Как сделать десерты привлекательными. — Это достигается подачей горячих десертов в блюде, вокруг которого можно обернуть салфетку; а холодные десерты, особенно приготовленные с желатином, можно формовать в какой-либо привлекательной форме и украшать. На рис. 69 показан очень простой желатиновый десерт, украшенный засахаренной вишней и небольшим количеством дягиля — стебля растения, который был засахарен, — и все это окружено взбитыми сливками. Взбивание сливок и выкладывание их вокруг основания занимает всего несколько минут. Как и в случае с салатом, украшение должно быть съедобным и легко приготавливаемым.
1. Boiled custard.
Ingredients.
Milk1pt. Sugar2tablespoonfuls Eggs3 Vanilla1⁄2teaspoonful Salt1⁄8teaspoonful
Method.
Put the milk, sugar, and salt in a double boiler to scald. Separate the eggs and set the whites in a cold place until wanted. Beat the yolks until lemon-colored. Pour a little of the scalded milk on the yolks of the eggs, stirring until well mixed. Set the double boiler back on the stove and pour the egg and milk mixture slowly into the rest of the scalded milk, stirring constantly until thickened enough to coat the spoon. Remove from the fire, add the flavoring, and turn into a dish to cool. Just before serving beat the whites to a very stiff froth and pile by spoonfuls on the custard. The whites may be sweetened with powdered sugar after beating if desired. Corn starch may be used, and fewer eggs.
2. Baked custard.
Ingredients.
Milk1pt. Sugar2tablespoonfuls Salt1⁄8teaspoonful Eggs2 Lemon or
Vanilla1⁄2teaspoonful
Method.
Scald the milk, sugar, and salt together. Beat the eggs in a baking dish and pour the scalded milk over them. Add the flavoring and stir well. Set the baking dish in a pan of boiling water and bake in a moderate oven until a knife thrust into the custard will come out clean. Serve cold either plain, or with chocolate sauce. Nutmeg may be grated on top of the custard before baking, or caramel flavoring may be added in place of the vanilla.
3. Chocolate sauce.
Ingredients.
Chocolate1square Sugar1⁄4cup Boiling water1⁄2cup Cream1⁄2cup
Method.
Mix the chocolate, boiling water, and sugar together and stir over the fire until smooth and thick. Add the cream and serve hot.
4. Caramel flavoring.
Ingredients.
Sugar2cups Boiling water1cup
Method.
Pour the sugar into a saucepan and stir over the fire until it becomes a thick brown sirup. Pour the boiling water on this and leave on the fire, stirring occasionally until the sugar is all dissolved. This may be bottled and kept for some time.
5. Shortcake.
Ingredients.
Flour1cup Baking powder1teaspoonful Salt1⁄4teaspoonful Butter4tablespoonfuls or One half butter and one half lard. Milk1⁄2cup
Method.
Mix dry ingredients and cut butter into this mixture with two knives. Stir in the milk and spread the mixture out on a buttered layer cake tin. Bake in a hot oven until brown. Wash and hull a box of strawberries, sprinkle with 1⁄2 cup of sugar, and crush with a spoon. When the shortcake is done remove from the pan, cut around the edge with a sharp knife and right through the center of the cake, making two layers of it. Spread the lower layer with butter and then with the crushed strawberry. Replace the top layer and serve hot. Fresh peaches, preserves, or a mixture of orange and banana may be used for this shortcake.
Another kind of strawberry cake is made of sponge cake, and served cold with whipped cream.
6. Steamed pudding.
Ingredients.
Suet chopped1cup Raisins, currants, and citron sliced1cup Egg1 Sweet milk1cup Molasses1⁄2cup Soda1teaspoonful Salt1⁄4teaspoonful Flour31⁄2cups
Method.
Skin, wash, and chop the suet, and dredge with flour. Wash, pick over and seed the dried fruit, slice the citron if it is used, and dredge all with flour. Stir together the milk and molasses, sift the dry ingredients with the flour, and stir the liquid into the flour slowly. Add the suet, beating the mass thoroughly, and last the fruit, sprinkling in both the suet and the fruit as you stir. Fill a greased mold 2⁄3 full, close tightly, and cook in a kettle of boiling water for three hours. Serve with a hard or foamy sauce.
Организация лабораторных занятий. — Это можно приготовить в классе, если каждый ученик принесет в школу пустую банку из-под пекарского порошка или какао. Полоску смазанной жиром ткани следует закрепить вокруг края крышки. Рецепт можно приготовить в пропорциях на 1/4 чашки, и это количество можно приготовить, если урок длится два часа, но лучше закончить приготовление дома. Это сезонное упражнение ко Дню благодарения или Рождеству.
7. Brown Betty or apple scallop.
Ingredients.
Buttered crumbs Tart cooking apples Sugar Cinnamon A little water
Teacher’s Note.—Individual shortcakes may be made by using a stiffer dough and rolling and cutting them like biscuits.
Method.
Put a layer of buttered crumbs in a baking dish. Pare and slice tart cooking apples and put a layer into the dish. Sprinkle with sugar, cinnamon, and a little water. Add a layer of bread crumbs and repeat with apples, flavoring and cover the top with crumbs. Bake in a moderate oven until apples are cooked and crumbs brown. Any fruit such as peaches or blueberries may be used instead of apples. Serve hot with hard or foamy sauce or cold with cream and sugar, or the bread may be used in slices, buttered.
8. Hard sauce.
Ingredients.
Butter1⁄3cup Powdered sugar1cup Lemon extract1⁄3teaspoonful or Vanilla2⁄3teaspoonful Nutmeg
Method.
Cream the butter; add sugar gradually, and flavoring. Grate nutmeg over the top. Chill before serving.
9. Foamy sauce.
Ingredients.
Butter1⁄2cup Powdered sugar1cup Egg1 Vanilla1teaspoonful
Method.
Cream the butter, add gradually the sugar, the egg well beaten, and vanilla. Beat while heating over hot water.
10. Tapioca cream.
Ingredients.
Pearl tapioca1⁄2cup or Minute tapioca11⁄2tablespoonfuls Scalded milk2cups Eggs2,or 1 Sugar1⁄3cup Salt1⁄4teaspoonful Vanilla1⁄2teaspoonful
Method.
Minute tapioca needs no soaking. If pearl tapioca is used, it must be soaked one hour in cold water to cover. Pick over and wash the tapioca, drain off the water and add tapioca to the milk and salt scalded in the double boiler, and cook until the tapioca is transparent, or about 1⁄2 hour. Beat eggs and add the sugar to them. Combine mixtures by pouring a little of the hot mixture in the egg and then stirring this into the mixture remaining in the double boiler. Stir over fire until it becomes thick. Add the flavoring and pour into a dish to cool.
11. Apple tapioca.
Ingredients.
Minute tapioca3⁄4cup Lemon peel Boiling water21⁄2cups Salt1⁄2teaspoonful Tart apples6 Sugar1⁄2cup
Method.
Cook the tapioca in salt water until it becomes transparent. Core and pare the apples and place in the bottom of the baking dish. Fill the cavities with sugar and add a little lemon peel. Pour the tapioca over the apples and bake in a moderate oven until the apples are soft. Serve cold with sugar and cream.
12. Lemon jelly.
Ingredients.
Shredded gelatin1⁄2box or Granulated gelatin2tablespoonfuls Lemon juice1⁄2cup Cold water1⁄2cup Boiling water21⁄2cups Sugar1cup
Method.
Soak the gelatin in cold water for 20 minutes. Add the boiling water and sugar and stir until it dissolves. Add the lemon juice and strain into a mold and set away to harden. When it is stiff loosen from the sides of the mold (a cloth wrung out of hot water may be needed). Turn on to a plate and serve with whipped cream or soft custard.
13. Snow pudding.
Ingredients.
Granulated gelatin1tablespoonful Cold water1⁄2cup Boiling water1cup Sugar1cup Lemon juice1⁄4cup EggsWhites of 3
Method.
Mix as for lemon jelly. Set aside in a cool place, and as soon as it becomes sirupy stir occasionally until quite thick. Then beat with wire spoon or whisk until frothy. Fold in the beaten whites, and continue to beat lightly until quite stiff. Pile by spoonfuls on a plate and serve with boiled custard, or mold as in Fig. 69.
Замороженные смеси. — Здесь следует отметить несколько интересных принципов. Замораживание осуществляется с помощью смеси колотого льда и каменной соли. Можете ли вы объяснить, как это снижает температуру?
Еще один интересный момент: вы когда-нибудь видели бутылку молока холодным зимним утром с бумажной крышкой или даже металлической пробкой, вытолкнутой вверх, когда замороженное молоко возвышается над горлышком бутылки? О чем это говорит вам в связи с наполнением мороженицы?
Следует также отметить, что в замороженном десерте требуется больше ароматизаторов, чем в обычном. Замороженный заварной крем, например, требует больше ванили, чем приготовленный обычным способом. Можете ли вы объяснить это?
Method of freezing.
There are many patterns of ice cream freezers that are well constructed and inexpensive. They are sold by the size, a 2 quart freezer giving you 2 quarts of the frozen cream. See that the crank is oiled and the whole apparatus clean. Have ready pounded ice and rock salt, usually in the proportion of 1 part salt to 3 of ice. Machines come for cutting the ice, but it is easy to pound it in a strong bag. Set the freezer can in place, put around it the ice and salt alternately, shaking down and packing firmly. Have the ice cream mixture cool, pour it in, having the can not more than 2⁄3 full. Put on the lid, cover with ice and salt, and begin to turn the crank. Open and stir down once or twice, being careful to keep out the salt. Take out the crank before the cream is too stiff. Pack the cream firmly down in the can. See that the melted water is removed from the pail, put in more ice and salt, and leave until the ice cream is firm.
To mold ice cream or mousse. Directions for packing in a mold are given under strawberry mousse.
14. American ice cream.
(a) Ingredients.
Cream1quart Sugar3⁄4cup Vanilla1tablespoonful
Method.
Mix ingredients and freeze.
(b) Ingredients.
Milk1pint Flour1tablespoonful Egg1 Sugar1cup Salt1⁄4teaspoonful Cream1quart Vanilla1tablespoonful
Method. As in French ice cream.
15. French ice cream.
Ingredients.
Cream1quart Milk1quart Eggs4or 6 to 8 yolks Sugar11⁄2cups Vanilla2tablespoonfuls