«История евреев. Том 6»

The Idumæans invade Judah, and sell Judæan captives as slaves. First dispersion of Judæans.

805. Uzziah, son of Amaziah, king of Judah.

Earthquake and drouth.

Uzziah re-conquers districts lost since Solomon’s time.

Jeroboam II takes Damascus and Hamath; peoples become tributary to him.

Luxury in Samaria under Jeroboam II.

800 (about). Amos, Joel, and Hosea (I) prophesy.

769. Zechariah, son of Jeroboam II, king of Judah.

768. Shallum kills Zechariah and exterminates the house of Jehu.

Shallum king of Israel.

768. Menahem kills Shallum and reigns over Israel.

Uzziah usurps the offices of the high priest in the Temple.

Pul, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel, acquires booty, and carries off prisoners.

757. Pekahiah, son of Menahem, king of Israel.

756. Pekah kills Pekahiah.

755. Pekah king of Israel.

Isaiah utters his first prophecy.

754. Jotham, son of Uzziah, king of Judah.

Zechariah (I) prophesies.

739. Ahaz, son of Jotham, king of Judah.

Pekah allies himself with Rezin of Damascus against Tiglath-pileser II.

Ahaz disregards the warning of Isaiah and offers to become a vassal of Tiglath-pileser II.

738. First deportation of Israelitish captives to Assyria by Tiglath-pileser II.

Ahaz introduces Assyrian worship into Judah.

Micah (II) prophesies.

736. Pekah killed by Hoshea.

727. Hoshea last king of Israel.

Shalmaneser IV, king of Assyria, invades Israel.

Hosea (II) prophesies.

Hoshea refuses the yearly tribute to Shalmaneser IV.

724. Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, king of Judah.

719. Shalmaneser IV captures Samaria, puts an end to the kingdom of Israel, and DEPORTS MOST OF ITS SUBJECTS--THE SO-CALLED Ten Lost Tribes--to Assyrian provinces.

VII. ИУДЕЯ ДО РАЗРУШЕНИЯ ИЕРУСАЛИМА. (719–586 гг. до н. э.) (См. Таблицу царей Иудеи и Израиля, стр. 127.)

Hezekiah tries to banish idolatry.

Isaiah advises neutrality between Assyria and Egypt.

Shebna dictates the foreign policy.

Micah and Isaiah predict a glorious future for Israel.

711 (about). Sennacherib invades Judah and demands tribute. Destruction of the Assyrian army.

Hezekiah makes a treaty with Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon.

Literature flourishes.

695. Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, king of Judah.

Idolatry flourishes.

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, takes Manasseh captive.

Manasseh restored.

Esarhaddon colonizes Samaria with Cuthæans.

640. Amon, son of Manasseh, king of Judah.

638. Josiah, son of Amon, king of Judah.

Zephaniah prophesies.

Scythian invasion of Judah.

627. Josiah repairs the Temple.

Jeremiah (b. 645–640, d. 580–570) prophesies.

621. Hilkiah, high priest, finds a copy of the Book of the Law in the Temple.

Huldah prophesies.

608. Necho, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah at Megiddo; Josiah killed.

Jehoahaz (Shallum), second son of Josiah, king of Judah.

607. Jehoiakim (Eliakim), oldest son of Josiah, made king by Necho.

Idolatry flourishes. Habakkuk prophesies.

607–604 Uriah, prophet, beheaded.

Jeremiah’s life imperiled; Baruch his secretary.

600. Jehoiakim pays tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.

598. Jehoiakim allies himself with Egypt against Nebuchadnezzar.

596. Jehoiachin, youngest son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah.

Judah overrun by Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem besieged by a Babylonian general, Jehoiachin taken prisoner. First deportation of Judæans to Babylonia.

596. Nebuchadnezzar makes Zedekiah (Mattaniah), youngest son of Josiah, king of Judah.

593. Jeremiah advises submission to Nebuchadnezzar.

591. Zedekiah renounces allegiance to Babylonia.

587. The final siege of Jerusalem begun.

The siege of Jerusalem interrupted by the battle between the Chaldæan army and Hophra, king of Egypt.

586, Tammuz 9. First breach in the walls of Jerusalem.

Zedekiah taken prisoner and blinded; Seraiah, high priest, and others beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar at Riblah.

586, Ab. 9. The Temple razed, and Jerusalem destroyed by Nebuzaradan, general of Nebuchadnezzar.

Second deportation of Judæans to Babylonia.

VIII. ПЛЕНЕНИЕ. (586–516 гг. до н. э.)

Вавилонские цари.

605. Навуходоносор,

561. Эвиль-Меродах,

559. Нергал-шар-уцур,

556. Лабаши-Мардук,

555. Набонид и Валтасар.

Персидские цари.

558. Кир,

529. Камбиз,

522. Лжесмердис,

521. Дарий I Гистасп.

586. Gedaliah appointed governor of the remnant of Judah

by Nebuchadnezzar.

586. Jeremiah at Mizpah with Gedaliah.

Gedaliah murdered by Ishmael, son of Nethaniah.

Obadiah prophesies against Edom, which possesses itself of southern Judæa.

Jeremiah and Baruch in Egypt with Johanan, son of Kareah.

582. Third deportation of Judæans to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar.

Ezekiel (620–570) prophesies.

561 (about). Jehoiachin honored by Evil-merodach.

Descendants of the Ten Tribes deported by the Assyrian kings mingle with the captives from Judah.

555 (about). The historical books of the Bible compiled in Babylonia; literature flourishes.

Nabonad of Babylonia persecutes the exiles.

The Babylonian Isaiah prophesies.

538. Cyrus takes Babylon, and permits the exiles in Babylonia to return to Palestine.

537. Zerubbabel and Joshua ben Jehozedek lead the first return.

Foundation of the second Temple laid.

520. Haggai and Zechariah (II) prophesy.

516. The Second Temple consecrated.

IX. ЭПОХА ЕЗДРЫ, НЕЕМИИ И КНИЖНИКОВ. (516–332 гг. до н. э.)

Персидские цари.

521. Дарий I Гистасп,

486. Ксеркс I,

465. Артаксеркс I Лонгиман,

425. Ксеркс II,

425. Согдиан,

425. Дарий II Ноф,

405. Артаксеркс II Мнемон,

359. Артаксеркс III Ох,

338. Арсес,

336. Дарий III Кодоман.

The Samaritans accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia.

The Judæans contract marriages with their heathen neighbors.

459. Ezra leads the second return with the permission of Artaxerxes I Longimanus.

457 (about). Ezra prevails upon the people to repudiate their heathen wives.

The Samaritans under Sanballat engage in hostilities against the Judæans.

444. Nehemiah leads the third return.

The Samaritans intrigue against Nehemiah.

Internal reforms by Nehemiah.

Ezra reads the Law to the people at Jerusalem.

The wall of Jerusalem rebuilt.

Beginnings of the Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-Gedolah).

432. Nehemiah returns to Persia.

Malachi the last of the Prophets.

430–424. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, and continues his reforms.

420 (about). The Samaritan Temple built on Mount Gerizim.

Synagogues established; the Law studied, and the present form of divine service introduced, probably by the Council of Seventy (Synhedrion) (Dibre Sopherim).

361–360. Artaxerxes II banishes Judæans to Hyrkania.

338 (about). Bagoas, general of Artaxerxes III, lays the Judæans under tribute.

The Books of Chronicles written.

332. Alexander the Great in Judæa.

X. ЭПОХА ПТОЛЕМЕЕВ И СЕЛЕВКИДОВ ДО АНТИОХА IV. (332–175 гг. до н. э.) (См. Таблицу первосвященников, стр. 128.)

Египетские цари.

323. Птолемей I Сотер,

285. Птолемей II Филадельф,

247. Птолемей III Эвергет,

222. Птолемей IV Филопатор,

205. Птолемей V Эпифан,

181. Птолемей VI Филометор.

Сирийские цари.

312. Селевк I Никатор,

280. Антиох I Сотер,

261. Антиох II Теос,

246. Селевк II Каллиник,

226. Селевк III Керавн,

223. Антиох III Великий,

187. Селевк IV Филопатор.

323. Death of Alexander the Great.

320. Jerusalem entered by Ptolemy I Soter. A large number of Judæan prisoners carried to Egypt.

312. The beginning of the Seleucidæan Era (Battle of Gaza).

301. Judæa, a subdivision of Cœlesyria, tributary to Egypt (Battle of Ipsus); the high priest the political chief. Judæan colonies in Græco-Macedonian countries; Greek colonies in Judæa.

300 (about). Simon the Just high priest and the last of the Men of the Great Assembly.

240. After a struggle between the Ptolemies and the Seleucidæ, Cœlesyria again adjudged to Egypt.

Onias II, high priest, refuses to pay tribute to Egypt.

230 (about). Joseph, son of Tobiah, and grandson of Simon the Just, represents the Judæans at the court of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Ptolemy IV Philopator, and is made farmer of taxes.

Joseph introduces Greek feasts and games at Jerusalem.

218. Judæa sides with Egypt against Antiochus III the Great.

209 (about). Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, Judæan representative at the court of the Ptolemies.

The “Song of Songs” composed.

203. The Tobiades, the elder brothers of Hyrcanus, Syrian partisans. Judæa tributary to Antiochus III the Great.

The Hellenists and the Chassidim (Assidæans) begin to oppose each other.

200 (about). Jesus Sirach writes the apocryphal book Ecclesiasticus.

176 (about). Heliodorus, treasurer to Seleucus IV Philopator, attempts to confiscate the Temple treasures.

XI. ЭПОХА МАККАВЕЕВ. (175–140 гг. до н. э.) (См. Таблицу первосвященников, стр. 128.)

Египетские цари.

181. Птолемей VI Филометор,

146. Птолемей VII Фискон и Птолемей VIII Латир.

Сирийские цари.

175. Антиох IV Эпифан,

164. Антиох V Евпатор,

162. Деметрий I Сотер,

150. Александр I Балас,

146. Деметрий II Никатор и Антиох VI (сын Александра Баласа), Диодот Трифон и Антиох VII Сидет.

175. Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascends the throne of Syria.

174. The Hellenists induce Antiochus IV to divest Onias III of the high-priestly dignity, and under Jason obtain citizenship for Judæans trained for the Greek combats.

Gymnasiums and the Greek games at Jerusalem.

172. Menelaus (Onias) the Benjamite made high priest by Antiochus IV.

171. Death of Onias III; Menelaus guilty of Temple robbery, but exonerated by Antiochus IV.

168. Antiochus IV attacks Jerusalem, and desecrates the Holy of Holies.

168, Tammuz 17. A Statue of Jupiter placed in the Temple by the Syrians.

The Chassidim suffer martyrdom.

Mattathias the Hasmonæan resists the Syrian overseer.

167. Judas Maccabæus victorious in his first battle with the Syrians under Apollonius.

166. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Heron at Beth-horon.

The Book of Daniel written.

Judas Maccabæus victorious over Gorgias at Emmaus.

165. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Lysias at Bethzur.

165, Kislev 25. The Temple re-dedicated (Chanukah).

Judas Maccabæus and his brothers victorious over the Idumæans, Ammonites, and Philistines.

164. Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.

163. Judas Maccabæus retreats before Lysias at Beth-Zachariah; his brother Eleazar Hauran killed.

Jerusalem besieged by Lysias.

Judas Maccabæus high priest.

162 (about). The Onias Temple built at Leontopolis in Egypt by Onias IV, son of Onias III, the first Alabarch.

The Hellenists calumniate Judas Maccabæus before Demetrius I. Alcimus made high priest. Factions under Judas and Alcimus.

160. Judas Maccabæus victorious over Nicanor at Caphar-Salama and Adarsa. He makes overtures to the Romans.

The Judæans defeated at Eleasa by the Syrians under Bacchides; Judas Maccabæus killed.

Parties in Judæa: Chassidim, Hasmonæans, Hellenists.

Jonathan Haphus, brother of Judas, defends himself unsuccessfully against Bacchides; his brother Johanan Gadi killed in a skirmish with the Bene Amri.

159. Judæa evacuated by the Syrians.

157. The Syrian war renewed at the instigation of the Hellenists.

152. Jonathan Haphus high priest; his friendship sought by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas.

152–143. The Judæans under Jonathan Haphus participate in the struggles between Alexander Balas, his son Antiochus VI, Diodotus Tryphon, and Demetrius II for the Syrian crown.

150 (about). The Pentateuch translated into Greek: the Septuagint.

143. Jonathan Haphus executed by Diodotus Tryphon.

143. Simon Tharsi, last of the Hasmonæan brothers, made high priest and leader by the people.

141. End of the Hellenist party.

140. Judæa and Rome allies.

XII. ХАСМОНЕЙСКАЯ ДИНАСТИЯ. (140–37 гг. до н. э.) (См. Генеалогическую таблицу Хасмонейской династии, стр. 130.)

Египетские цари.

146. Птолемей VII Фискон и Птолемей VIII,

117. Птолемей VIII Латир и Александр I,

81. Александр II,

80. Птолемей IX Авлета,

51. Птолемей X и Клеопатра VI,

47. Клеопатра VI [и Птолемей XI и Птолемей XII],

30. Египет — римская провинция.

Сирийские цари.

137. Антиох VII Сидет (единолично),

128. Деметрий II (восстановлен) и Александр II Забина,

125. Селевк V,

125. Антиох VIII Грип и Антиох IX Кизикский,

95. Селевк VI, Антиох X Евсеб, Филипп, Деметрий III Эвкер, Антиох XI Эпифан, Антиох XII Дионис,

83. Тигран, царь Армении,

69. Антиох XII Азиатский,

64. Сирия — римская провинция.

B.C.E.

140. Simon made hereditary high priest and Nassi (Prince).

139. Simon stamps coins by permission of Antiochus VII Sidetes.

Cendebæus, general of Antiochus Sidetes, makes war upon Simon.

135. Simon slain by his son-in-law; accession of John Hyrcanus I.

135–123. Wars with the rulers of the Seleucidæan house.

133 (about). Embassy to Rome. Rome calls upon Antiochus VII to make restitution to Judæa.

120 (about). Samaria reduced; the Temple on Mount Gerizim destroyed.

Conquest of the Idumæans and their conversion to Judaism.

John Hyrcanus again appeals to Rome in his difficulties with Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.

John Hyrcanus victorious over the allies, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus and Ptolemy VIII Lathurus.

109. Samaria destroyed; Judæa at the height of prosperity; John Hyrcanus has coins struck.

Formation of the three sects: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes; outbreak of hostilities between the Pharisees and the Sadducees.

106. Accession of Aristobulus I. Discord in the family of the king.

War with the Ituræans and Trachonites; Judæa enlarged.

105. Accession of Alexander (I) Jannæus.

98–96. The seaport towns taken by Ptolemy VIII Lathurus regained with the help of the Egyptian king’s mother.

94–89. Contentions between the Pharisees and the Sadducees; Alexander Jannæus opposed to the Pharisees. 800 Pharisees executed.

Alexander Jannæus adds trans-Jordanic territory to Judæa.

79. Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannæus, ascends the throne.

Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbai, Pharisee leaders, reorganize the Synhedrion, and exclude the Sadducæans. The queen favors the Pharisees.

70. Accession of Hyrcanus II.

69. Aristobulus II co-regent; quarrels between the brothers.

Antipater the Idumæan becomes the counselor of Hyrcanus II.

66. Aretas, king of the Nabathæans, ally of Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II, takes Jerusalem.

Scaurus, the Roman legate, at the instance of Aristobulus II, forces Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem.

63. Pompey captures Jerusalem; Hyrcanus II made Ethnarch; Aristobulus II a prisoner.

Alexander (II), son of Aristobulus II, enters Jerusalem; subdued by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria.

60. Shemaya and Abtalion presidents of the Synhedrion.

56. Aristobulus II escapes from Rome, opposes the Romans in Judæa, and is taken captive a second time.

55. Alexander (II) routed by the Romans at Mount Tabor.

53. Crassus plunders the Temple.

Aristobulus II, set free by Julius Cæsar, is poisoned by the followers of Pompey; Alexander (II) decapitated.

47. At the petition of Antipater, Cæsar proclaims Hyrcanus II high priest and Ethnarch.

The Judæans of Alexandria governed by their own Ethnarch, or Alabarch.

Phasael, oldest son of Antipater, governor of Jerusalem; Herod, second son of Antipater, governor of Galilee.

Ezekias of Galilee decapitated by Herod.

Herod before the Synhedrion, protected by Hyrcanus II; made governor of Cœlesyria by Sextus Cæsar, Roman governor of Syria.

43. Antipater poisoned.

42. Herod and Phasael made Tetrarchs by Mark Antony.

40. Barzaphernes, Parthian general, takes Jerusalem, proclaims Antigonus king, and incapacitates Hyrcanus II for the high-priestly office by mutilating his ears.

Herod proclaimed king by the Roman Senate.

37. Herod marries Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II.

Jerusalem besieged and taken by Herod and Sosius, Mark Antony’s general; Antigonus executed.

XIII. ИРОДИАНСКАЯ ДИНАСТИЯ. (37 г. до н. э. – 72 г. н. э.) (См. Генеалогическую таблицу Иродианской династии, стр. 134, и Таблицу первосвященников, стр. 129.)

Императоры Рима.

До н. э.

31. Август,

Н. э.

14. Тиберий,

37. Калигула,

41. Клавдий,

54. Нерон,

68. Гальба,

69. Отон,

69. Вителлий,

69–79. Веспасиан.

Прокураторы Иудеи. (Подчиненные римским легатам или наместникам Сирии.)

Н. э.

6. Копоний,

9. Марк Амбивий,

13. Анний Руф,

15. Валерий Грат,

26. Понтий Пилат,

36. Марцелл (?)

37. Марулл (?)

[41. Агриппа I, царь],

44. Куспий Фад,

47. Тиберий Юлий Александр,

48. Куман,

52. Феликс,

60. Фест,

62. Альбин,

64–66. Гессий Флор.

37. Herod I king.

35. Aristobulus (III), brother of Mariamne, high priest, killed by order of Herod.

31. Hyrcanus II executed.

30 (about). Hillel president of the Synhedrion; Shammai deputy.

Herod in favor with Augustus, the first Roman emperor.

29. Mariamne executed.

20 (about). Herod rebuilds the Temple.

Asinai and Anilai found a small Jewish state in Nahardea.

6. Execution of Mariamne’s sons, Alexander and Aristobulus.

4. Death of Herod. Archelaus possessor of Judæa and Samaria; Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Peræa; (Herod) Philip II Tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Panias.

3. Revolt against Archelaus; the “War Period of Varus,” governor of Syria. Leadership of Judas the Galilean, founder of the Zealots.

2. Archelaus recognized as Ethnarch by Augustus.

C.E.

6. Archelaus deposed; Judæa a Roman province; Coponius the first procurator; Quirinius, governor of Syria, takes a census for purposes of taxation.

18 (about). Izates and Helen of Adiabene embrace Judaism. Conversions to Judaism in Rome.

26. Pontius Pilate procurator.

John the Baptist.

30 (about). Jesus of Nazareth. Rise of Christianity.

33. Philip’s tetrarchy falls to Rome.

37. Agrippa I, favorite of Caligula, made king of Philip’s tetrarchy.

38. The Jews of Alexandria persecuted by Flaccus.

40. Philo Judæus, ambassador to Caligula. The emperor’s statue set up in the Temple.

Herod Antipas deposed; his tetrarchy added to King Agrippa I’s territory.

41. Claudius restores the Alabarchate in Alexandria to Alexander Lysimachus, brother of Philo.

Agrippa I receives Judæa and Galilee, Archelaus’ possessions, from Claudius, and is king of the whole of Palestine.

Gamaliel I the Elder, president of the Synhedrion.

43. Helen of Adiabene in Jerusalem.

44. Death of Agrippa I. Herod II, prince of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa.

Theudas, a false Messiah.

48. Saul of Tarsus, the apostle Paul, converts the heathen to Christianity. Death of Herod II.

49. Agrippa II, prince of Chalcis, titular king of Judæa.

The Zealots and the Sicarii commit depredations.

52. Hostilities between Jews and the heathen at Cæsarea.

53. Agrippa II king of Philip’s tetrarchy.

63. Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, establishes elementary schools in Judæa.

64. Gessius Florus, the last of the procurators.

66. The census taken by Cestus Gallus, governor of Syria, at Jerusalem; the Passover of the Crushing.

Renewed hostilities between the Jews and the heathen of Cæsarea.

Rebellion against Gessius Florus in Jerusalem; the Zealots under Eleazar ben Ananias.

End of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.

Race hostilities between the Jews and the heathen in Judæa, Syria, and Alexandria.

Cestius Gallus besieges Jerusalem.

Cestius Gallus retires from Jerusalem; Judæa ruled by the Synhedrion, Simon II ben Gamaliel president.

66. The prohibition of “The Eighteen Things” enacted by the school of Shammai in consequence of the continued hostilities between the Jews and the heathen.

War in Galilee; Flavius Josephus governor of Galilee.

66. John of Gischala accuses Josephus of duplicity before the Synhedrion.

67. Gabara taken by Vespasian.

Fall of Jotapata. Josephus surrenders to the Romans. Fall of Gamala.

The fall of Gischala completes the conquest of Galilee by the Romans.

The Idumæans enter Jerusalem as the allies of the Zealots; civil war in Jerusalem; reign of terror under the Zealots; the Synhedrion ceases to exist.

68. Peræa taken by Vespasian.

Simon bar Giora enters Jerusalem, and renews the civil war.

69. Vespasian proclaimed emperor; he leaves Judæa. Titus commander of the army in Judæa.

Civil dissension continues in Jerusalem.

70. Titus begins the siege of Jerusalem.

Fall of the outer wall of Jerusalem; Bezetha in the hands of the Romans.

Fall of the Tower of Antonia.

Famine in Jerusalem. Sacrifices cease to be brought in the Temple.

Burning of the Temple. Titus in the Holy of Holies.

Zion, the upper city, burnt by Titus. Complete destruction of Jerusalem.

An academy founded in Jamnia by Jochanan ben Zakkai.

71. The fortresses Herodium and Machærus taken by Bassus. Titus’ triumph; execution of Simon bar Giora.

72. Masada taken by Silva; the last Zealots fall; Judæa completely conquered. Death of Agrippa II.

The Fiscus judaicus instituted by Vespasian.

XIV. ЭПОХА МИШНЫ И ТАННАЕВ. (72–219 гг. н. э.)

72. Rebellion of the fugitive Zealots in Egypt and Cyrene. The Onias Temple closed.

80. Gamaliel II Patriarch, or president of the Synhedrion at Jamnia; his colleagues Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Chananya. Excommunication first used.

The daily prayers (“Eighteen Benedictions”) first formulated.

The Minæan curse introduced into the prayers. Jewish Christians (Nazarenes, Ebionites), heathen Christians, and Gnostics.

93. Josephus completes his history of the Jews, The Antiquities.

95 (about). Death of Josephus.

115. The Jews of Babylonia, Palestine, Egypt, Cyprus, Cyrene, and Lybia rise against Trajan.

118. The Jews of Palestine rise against Trajan and Hadrian; “War of Lucius Quietus.”

Joshua ben Chananya president of the Synhedrion.

119. Akylas, proselyte, makes a Greek translation of the Scriptures.

130. Akiba ben Joseph president of the Synhedrion; collects the Halachoth (Mishna of R. Akiba).

133. Rebellion of Bar-Cochba against Hadrian; restoration of the Jewish State.

134. Magdala taken by Julius Severus.

135. Fall of Bethar; end of Bar-Cochba.

Persecutions by Turnus Rufus; Jerusalem called Ælia Capitolina.

Akiba ben Joseph dies a martyr; the ten martyrs; Elisha ben Abuya (Acher) informs against observing Jews.

138. Hadrian’s decrees revoked by Antoninus Pius. The fugitive disciples of the Law return from Babylonia, and organize a Synhedrion at Usha.

140. Simon III, son of Gamaliel II, president of the Synhedrion, assisted by Meïr, Judah ben Ilaï, Nathan of Babylon, José ben Chalafta, and Simon ben Yochai.

161. Revolution in Palestine against Antoninus Pius.

Verus Commodus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, persecutes the Jews of Palestine.

165. Judah I, the Holy, Rabbi, president of the Synhedrion.

189. Compilation of the Mishna (Mishna di Rabbi Judah); Judah I and Nathan of Babylon the last of the Tanaites.

200. Severus prohibits heathens from becoming Jews.

210. Gamaliel III, son of Judah I, president of the Synhedrion.

The apocryphal Mishnas (Boraïtoth) compiled.

XV. ЭПОХА ТАЛМУДА, АМОРАЕВ И САБОРАЕВ. (219–550 гг. н. э.)

219. Abba Areka (Rab) opens the academy at Sora; Mar-Samuel, principal of the academy at Nahardea,

declares the law of the land binding on the Jews.

225. Judah II, son of Gamaliel III, president of the Synhedrion, influences Alexander Severus to revive the privileges of the Jews, and mitigates the rigor of the Law.

Jochanan bar Napacha, Simon ben Lakish, and Joshua ben Levi, Palestinian Amoraim.

247. Huna, principal of the Sora academy.

Judah ben Ezekiel founds an academy at Pumbeditha.

259. Odenathus destroys Nahardea. Sheshet founds an academy at Silhi.

279. Ami and Assi, heads of the college of Tiberias.

280. Judah III, son of Judah II, Patriarch, collects a tax from foreign communities.

297. Judah ben Ezekiel, general Resh Metibta (principal of both Sora and Pumbeditha).

299. Chasda principal of the Sora academy; Huna ben Chiya, of the Pumbeditha academy.

309. Rabba bar Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha; Rabba bar Huna, principal of Sora.

315. Emperor Constantine issues the first of his anti-Jewish decrees.

320. The Council of Illiberis (Spain) forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians.

325. The first Church Council at Nice completely severs Judaism and Christianity by making the celebration of Easter independent of the Jewish calendar.

327. Teachers of the Law banished from Palestine by Constantine.

330. Joseph ben Chiya, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, makes a Chaldaic translation of the Prophets.

333. Abayi Nachmani, principal of Pumbeditha.

338. Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, principal of the academy at Machuza.

339. Constantius forbids the marriage of a Jew with a Christian woman, and the circumcision of Christian and heathen slaves, under the penalty of death.

351. Religious persecutions in Palestine by the emperors Constantius and Gallus and the Roman general Ursicinus.

352. Nachman ben Isaac, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.

355. Papa bar Chanan founds an academy at Nares.

356. Chama of Nahardea, principal of the Pumbeditha academy.

359. Hillel II, Patriarch, introduces a final, fixed calendar.

361. Restoration of the Temple at Jerusalem under Julian the Apostate.

364. Valentinian I and Valens extend toleration to the Jews.

375. Ashi, the redactor of the Babylonian Talmud, restores the Sora academy. At about this time the Palestinian, or Jerusalem, Talmud is completed.

390. Amemar re-opens an academy at Nahardea.

393. Theodosius I confirms the exceptional position of the Jews in the Roman empire.

400. Moses, the false Messiah of Crete.

415. Gamaliel VI deposed by Theodosius II.

Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, drives the Jews from Alexandria.

Jews excluded from state offices in the Empire of the East under Theodosius II.

425. Extinction of the Patriarchate.

427. Death of Ashi, who, in the latter half of his life, collected and arranged the explanations, deductions, and amplifications of the Mishna, included under the name Talmud (Babylonian Talmud).

455. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Jezdijird III.

Mar bar Ashi continues the compilation of the Talmud.

465. The Council of Vannes (Gaul) prohibits the clergy from taking part in Jewish banquets.

471. Persecution of the Babylonian Jews under Firuz (Pheroces). The Exilarch Huna Mari and others suffer martyrdom.

490. Babylonian Jews emigrate to India under Joseph Rabban, and found a little Jewish state in Cranganor.

499. Death of Rabina, the last of the Amoraim; completion of the Talmud collection.

500 (about). Abu-Kariba, Himyarite king, adopts Judaism, and converts his army and his people.

511. Mar-Zutra II, Prince of the Captivity (Exilarch), establishes an independent Jewish state in Babylonia under the Persian king Kobad.

517. The Council of Epaone forbids Christians to take part in Jewish banquets.

518. Persecution of the Jews by Kobad, king of Persia.

530. Death of Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas, last Jewish Himyarite king.

531. Giza in Sora and Semuna in Pumbeditha, the last Saboraim.

532. Justinian I decrees that the testimony of Jews shall be valid only in Jewish cases.

538. The Council of Orleans forbids Jews to appear on the street at Eastertide.

550(about). Final redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.

XVI. ОТ ЗАВЕРШЕНИЯ ТАЛМУДА ДО КОНЦА ЭПОХИ ГАОНОВ. (550–1038 гг. н. э.)

Samuel ben Adiya (500–560), Jewish poet in Arabia.

553. Justinian I decrees that the Scriptural portions in the Synagogue liturgy be read in translation, and orders the omission of alleged anti-Trinitarian sentences from the liturgy.

581. Hormisdas IV, king of Persia, persecutes his Jewish subjects; the teachers of the Law flee from the Babylonian academies.

Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces baptism on the Jews.

589. Reccared, Visigothic king, imposes irksome restraints upon the Jews, and completely isolates them from Christians.

Bahram Tshubin, usurper of the Persian throne, friendly to the Jews; Pumbeditha re-opened by Chanan of Iskia.

590. Pope Gregory I discountenances the forced conversion of Jews.

612. Sisebut, Visigothic king, forces the Jews to accept baptism or to emigrate.

614. The Jews of Palestine join the Persians in a war against Emperor Heraclius.

624. The Benu-Kainukaa, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.

625. The Benu-Nadhir, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, driven from Arabia by Mahomet.

627. Extermination of the Benu-Kuraiza, a Jewish-Arabic tribe.

Emperor Heraclius forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, and in other ways harasses the Palestinian Jews.

629. Dagobert orders the Jews of the Frankish empire to accept baptism or to emigrate.

633. The Council of Toledo under Sisenand, Visigothic king, and Isidore of Seville, forces backsliding converts back into Christianity.

638. Chintila enacts that only professing Catholics shall remain in Visigothic Spain; Jews emigrate.

640. Omar, the second Caliph, banishes all Jews from holy Arabia. The “Covenant of Omar” imposes restrictions upon Jews in the whole Mahometan, world.

642 (about). Bostanaï, Exilarch, acknowledged by Omar.

654. Judaizing Christians of Toledo under Receswinth, Visigothic king, swear loyalty to the Catholic Church.

658. Beginning of the Gaonate; Mar-Isaac, head of the Sora academy, takes the title Gaon.

670. Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, and Mar-Raba, principal of Pumbeditha, reform the divorce laws.

681. Judaizing Christians re-affirm their adherence to Christianity under Erwig, Visigothic king.

693. Egica, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate.

700 (about). Rise of the Massora and of neo-Hebraic liturgic poetry. José bar José Hayathom the first Poetan.

712. Jews open the gates of Toledo to Tarik, the Mahometan general.

719. Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka), principal of Pumbeditha.

720. Serene, the Syrian Messiah.

Omar II, Ommiyyade Caliph of Damascus, re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.”

723. Persecution of the Jews of the Byzantine Empire under Leo the Isaurian.

745 (about). Eleazar ben Kalir (Kaliri), poetan.

The Chazars under Bulan accept Judaism.

749. Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah in Ispahan.

759. Jehuda the Blind, Gaon of Sora, author of a Talmudic compendium, Halachoth Ketuoth.

761. Dudaï principal of Pumbeditha.

The Karaite schism led by Anan ben David.

787. Charlemagne removes the Kalonymos family from Lucca to Mayence to encourage Jewish learning in the Frankish Empire. He introduces a Jewish oath.

797. Isaac sent by Charlemagne on an embassy to Haroun Alrashid.

800 (about). Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, introduces Mutazilist philosophy into Judaism.

Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend, founder of the Maghariyites, spreads the Mutazilist philosophy among the Karaites.

807. Haroun Alrashid introduces the Jew badge into the Abbasside Caliphate.

825. Contest for the Exilarchate between David ben Judah and Daniel.

Rise of Karaite sects: Akbarites, Tiflisites, and the followers of Moses of Baalbek.

827 (about). Eberard, Magister Judæorum, under Louis I the Pious, king of the Franks, protects the Jews against Agobard, bishop of Lyons.

842. The title Gaon assumed also by the Pumbeditha principals; Paltoi ben Abayi the first Gaon of Pumbeditha.

845. The Council of Meaux under Amolo, bishop of Lyons, enacts anti-Jewish decrees, renewing those of Constantine and Theodosius II.

853. The Abbasside Caliph Al-Mutavakkil introduces Jew badges, and re-enacts the “Covenant of Omar.”

869. Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora, at the request of a Spanish community, arranges the order of prayers in use among European Jews.

872. Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, Gaon of Pumbeditha, author of the first Talmudic Dictionary.

880 (about). Eldad Ha-Dani.

881. Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, discovers the key to the Jewish calendar.

900 (about). Simon of Cairo writes the Halachoth Gedoloth, a polemic against Karaism.

Josippon compiled.

Isaac ben Israeli I Suleiman (845–940), physician and philologist at Kairuan.

913. Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942) attacks Karaism.

917. Mar-Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph, Gaon of Pumbeditha, tries to bring about the fall of the Exilarchate and the academy of Sora. Hostilities against Mar-Ukba.

921. David ben Zaccaï made Exilarch.

928. Saadiah installed as Gaon of Sora. His controversies with the Karaite Solomon ben Yerucham, and his translation of the Scriptures into Arabic.

930. Hostilities between Saadiah and David ben Zaccaï.

934. Saadiah writes his religious-philosophical work Emunoth we-Deoth.

940. Death of David ben Zaccaï, the last Exilarch of influence. End of the Exilarchate a few years later.

940 (about). Moses and Aaron ben Asher, Massorets.

942. Death of Saadiah.

945 (about). Four scholars are sent from Sora to gather contributions for the academy: Shemarya ben Elchanan settles in Cairo; Chushiel, in Kairuan; Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, in Narbonne; and Moses ben Chanoch, in Cordova.

Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim (900–960), physician in Kairuan.

946. Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), physician in Italy.

Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), diplomat under Abdul-Rahman III, Nagid of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate, patron of Jewish learning.

950 (about). The Karaite controversialists Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen and Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.

Menachem ben Saruk (910–970) and Dunash ben Labrat (Adonim, 920–970), the first Hebrew grammarians. Neo-Hebraic poetry flourishes.

980. Sherira (920–1000), Gaon of Pumbeditha; his “Letter” a chronicle of Jewish events from the conclusion of the Talmud to his time.

985. Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014) and Joseph Ibn-Abitur, Cordova Talmudists.

Jacob Ibn-Jau, prince of the Jews of the Cordova Caliphate.

990. Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj), Hebrew grammarian.

998. Haï (969–1038), Gaon of Pumbeditha.

1000 (about). Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), promoter of Talmud study at Mayence, INTERDICTS POLYGAMY.

Simon ben Isaac ben Abun poetan.

1002. Nathan ben Yechiel compiles the Aruch, a Talmudic lexicon.

1008. The Fatimide Caliph Hakim decrees a Jew badge, and persecutes the Jews in various ways.

1012. Jews driven from Mayence by Emperor Henry II.

1020. Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach (995–1050), Hebrew grammarian.

1027. Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela (993–1055), minister to King Habus of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, patron of Jewish learning, and Talmudic author.

1034. Death of Samuel Chofni, last of the Sora Geonim.

1038. The death of Haï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, marks the end of the Gaonate.

XVII. ЭПОХА ГЕБИРОЛЯ, ГАЛЕВИ, РАШИ И МАЙМОНИДА. (1038–1204 гг. н. э.)

1038 (about). Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim ben Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015–1055), Talmudists in Kairuan.

1045. Solomon Ibn-Gebirol (Avicebron, 1021–1070), poet and philosopher, author of the “Kether Malkuth” and the “Mekor Chayim.”

1050 (about). Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, philosopher, writes the “Guide to the Duties of the Heart.”

1055. Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela (1031–1066), minister to Badis of Granada, Nagid of the Jews, and patron of Jewish learning.

1056. Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (1013–1103), Talmudist.

1066. Banishment of the Jews from Granada. First persecution of the Jews of Spain since its conquest by the Mahometans.

1069. Isaac ben Baruch Ibn-Albalia (1035–1094), astronomer to Al-Mutamed in Cordova, Nassi of the Jews, Talmudist.

1070. Rashi (Solomon Yizchaki, 1040–1105), exegete and Talmudist.

1078. Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) promulgates the canonical law against Jews’ holding offices in Christendom.

1095. Emperor Henry IV issues a decree against the forcible baptism of Jews.

1096. The first Crusade: Suffering of the Jews of Rouen, Treves, Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Ratisbon, Prague, etc.

1099. The Jews of Jerusalem burnt in a synagogue by the crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon.

1100. Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer.

1110. Moses Ibn-Ezra (1070–1139), liturgical and erotic poet.

Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077–1141), Talmudist.

1120. Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (1086–1142), poet and philosopher, author of the Zion songs and of the Chozari.

1141. Jehuda Halevi leaves Spain for Palestine.

The Tossafists: the family of Rashi, especially his grandsons Jacob Tam (1100–1171), and Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100–1160).

1146. Beginning of the Almohade persecution in northern Africa and southern Spain. Jews flee, or pretend to accept Islam.

1147. The Second Crusade. Pope Eugenius III absolves crusaders from the payment of interest on debts owing to Jews.

The crusaders attack the Jews of the Rhine country, South Germany, and France.

In consequence of their protection by Emperor Conrad III, the Jews are considered servi cameræ.

1149. Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, of Toledo, Nassi, steward of the palace under Alfonso VII Raimundez. He persecutes the Karaites.

1150 (about). Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), poet, exegete, philosopher.

1160 (about). Jacob Tam calls the first rabbinical synod.

Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), philosopher and historian.

The Exilarchate revived by Mahomet Almuktafi. Solomon (Chasdaï) Exilarch.

1160 (about). David Alrui pretends to be divinely appointed to lead the Jews of the Bagdad Caliphate to Jerusalem.

1164 (about). Moses ben Maimun (Rambam, Maimonides, 1135–1204), philosopher, writes his “Letter of Consolation.”

1165. Benjamin of Tudela begins his travels in the East.

Serachya Halevi Gerundi (1125–1186), Talmudist.

1168. Maimonides finishes his Arabic commentary on the Mishna.

1170 (about). Meshullam ben Jacob, Provençal patron of Jewish learning.

Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon (1120–1190), physician and translator.

David Kimchi, grammarian and exegete.

Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, Maimonides’ opponent.

1170 (about). Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, Talmudist.

Jacob ben Meshullam, first promoter of the Kabbala.

1171. The Jews of Blois burnt on the charge of having used human blood in the Passover. The blood accusation, or charge of ritual murder, preferred for the first time.

Death of Jacob Tam.

Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) of Dampierre, Tossafist.

1172. Persecution of the Jews of Yemen. Messianic excitement.

1175 (about). Petachya of Ratisbon, traveler.

Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, opponent of Maimonides.

1177. Maimonides rabbi of Cairo.

1179. The Third Lateran Council passes decrees protecting the religious liberty of the Jews.

1180. Maimonides finishes his Mishne Torah, or Yad ha-Chazaka.

1181. Philip II Augustus of France banishes the Jews from his hereditary province.

1187. Saladin permits Jews to enter Jerusalem.

1189. Attack on the Jews of London at Richard I’s coronation. The excitement spreads to Lynn, Norwich, Stamford, York, and Bury St. Edmund’s.

1190 (about). Maimonides issues the “Guide of the Perplexed,” dedicating it to Joseph Ibn-Aknin.

Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), diplomat under Alfonso VIII of Castile.

Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132–1200), liturgical poet and author of a martyrology.

Massacre of the Jews of Germany from the Rhine to Vienna under Emperor Henry VI.

Samuel Ibn-Tibbon (1160–1239), translator.

1190 (about). Süsskind of Trimberg, Jewish minnesinger.

Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, the Pious (1166–1224), Tossafist, author of the “Book of the Pious.”

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist.

Isaac the Younger (Rizba), Tossafist; Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist.

1197. Hillali, the oldest Hebrew copy of the Bible in Spain, taken by the Almohades.

Sheshet Benveniste (1131–1210), philosopher, physician, Talmudist, diplomat, and poet.

1198. The Jews of France forbidden to move from province to province.

1204. Death of Maimonides.

XVIII. ОТ СМЕРТИ МАЙМОНИДА ДО ИЗГНАНИЯ ИЗ ИСПАНИИ. (1204–1492 гг. н. э.)

1209. The Council of Avignon issues restrictive measures against the Jews.

1210 (about). Isaac the Blind, founder of the Kabbala. Disciples: Azriel and Ezra.

Jehuda Alcharisi, poet.

1210. The Jews of England imprisoned by King John.

1211. French and English rabbis emigrate to Palestine.

1212. The Jews of Toledo killed by crusaders under the Cistercian monk Arnold. First persecution of Jews in Castile.

1215. The Fourth Lateran Council under the pope Innocent III, among many anti-Jewish measures, decrees the Jew badge.

1222. The Council of Oxford imposes restrictions on the English Jews.

1223. The rabbinical synod of Mayence regulates the payment of the Jew taxes.

1227. The Council of Narbonne re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.

1229. Pope Gregory IX antagonizes the Jews.

1232. The Jews of Hungary excluded from state offices.

Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia (1180–1244) attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of the immortality of the soul.

1233. Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, and David ben Saul ally themselves with the Dominicans, who burn Maimonides’ works in Montpellier and Paris.

1235. Abraham Maimuni (1185–1254), physician and philosopher.

1235. Moses ben Nachman (Ramban, 1195–1270), Talmudist, exegete, Kabbalist, anti-Maimunist.

Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon (Anatoli), Jewish scholar at the court of Frederick II.

Bebachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia), fabulist and punctuator.

1235. Gregory IX confirms the Constitutio Judæorum of Innocent III.

1236. Crusaders attack the Jewish communities of Anjou, Poitou, etc.

1239. On the charges of the apostate Nicholas-Donin, Gregory IX orders the Dominicans and Franciscans to examine the Talmud, and burn it, if necessary.

1240. Disputation before Louis IX of France between Nicholas-Donin and the Jews, represented by Yechiel of Paris, Moses of Coucy, Talmudist and itinerant preacher, and two others.

1240. A Jewish Parliament assembled by Henry III.

1242. The Talmud burnt at Paris.

1244. Archduke Frederick I the Valiant, of Austria, grants privileges to the Jews.

1246. The Council of Béziers forbids Jews to practice medicine.

1247. Pope Innocent IV issues a bull disproving the blood accusation against the Jews.

1254. The Jews expelled from his dominions by Louis IX of France. End of the Tossafists.

1257. Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile, compiles a code, containing a section of anti-Jewish laws.

1263. Moses ben Nachman opposes Pablo Christiani at the disputation of Barcelona.

1264. The Jews of London attacked under Henry III.

1267. The Council of Vienna re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.

1271 (about). Pope Gregory X issues a bull deprecating the forced baptism of Jews.

1278. The Jews of England imprisoned on the charge of counterfeiting coin.

1279. The Council of Buda enacts anti-Jewish measures.

Solomon ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), Talmudist.

David Maimuni (1233–1300), grandson of Maimonides.

1283. Beginning of the massacres of the Jews of Germany on the blood accusation.

Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250–1290), anti-Maimunist.

1286. Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg (1220–1293), chief rabbi of Germany, imprisoned when about to emigrate.

1288. Saad Addaula, minister of finance of the Persian empire under Argun.

1289. Maimonides’ works burnt at Accho. Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist; Hillel ben Samuel of Verona (1220–1295), Talmudist and Maimunist.

1290. The Jews banished from England.

1291. The Jews of Accho imprisoned or executed by the Sultan of Egypt.

1295 (about). Publication of the Zohar by Moses de Leon; Kabbalistic studies flourish.

1298. Persecution of the Jews in Germany instigated by Rindfleish; Mordecai ben Hillel a martyr.

1305. The ban against the study of science pronounced by Abba-Mari ben Moses; authorized by Solomon ben Adret; urged by Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri); opposed by the Tibbonides led by Jacob ben Machir (Profatius) and the poet Yedaya Penini Bedaresi.

1306. The first expulsion of the Jews from France under Philip IV the Fair.

1310. Asheri compiles his Talmudic code.

1313. The Council of Zamora renews the canonical laws hostile to the Jews.

1315. Louis X of France recalls the Jews.

1320. The Pastoureaux persecutions in France (Gesereth ha-Roïm).

1321. The Leper persecution in France (Gesereth Mezoraim). The second expulsion of the Jews from France.

1328. Persecution of the Jews of Navarre.

1334. Casimir III the Great of Poland issues laws friendly to the Jews.

1336. Disputation at Valladolid between the Jews and the apostate Abner-Alfonso. Alfonso XI of Castile forbids the use of alleged blasphemous expressions in the Hebrew prayers.

Persecution of the Jews in Germany by the Armleder.

1337. Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar favorites of Alfonso XI of Castile. Gonzalo Martinez plans the destruction of the Jews of Castile.

1340. Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340) compiles his Talmudic code.

Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340–1380), rabbi of Barcelona.

1342. Levi ben Gerson (Gersonides, Maestro Leon de Bagnols, 1288–1345), physician and philosopher.

1348. Persecution of the Jews in Europe on account of the Black Death. Pope Clement VI issues two bulls protecting the Jews.

1350. Moses ben Joshua Narboni (Maestro Vidal, 1300–1362), philosopher.

1350. Aaron II ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher.

Santob de Carrion (1300–1350), Jewish-Spanish troubadour.

Samuel Abulafia, minister to Pedro the Cruel of Castile.

1351. The cortes of Valladolid ask the abolition of the judicial autonomy of Spanish-Jewish communities.

1355. The “Golden Bull” by Emperor Charles IV confers the privilege of holding Jews on the Electors.

1357. Completion of the synagogue at Toledo built by Samuel Abulafia.

1360. Samuel Abulafia dies under torture on the charge of peculation.

Participation of the Jews of Castile in the civil war (1360–1369) between Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, chiefly on the side of the former.

Manessier de Vesoul obtains from King John a decree permitting Jews to dwell in France.

1370 (about). Meïr ben Baruch Halevi of Vienna introduces the conferring of authorization for the exercise of rabbinical functions (Morenu). He and his disciples, principally Isaac of Tyrnau, compile the customs (Minhagim) of the communities.

1371. The Jews of Castile under Henry II compelled to wear badges and give up Spanish names.

1375. Disputation at Avila between the apostate John of Valladolid and Moses Cohen de Tordesillas.

1376. Disputation at Pampeluna between John of Valladolid and Shem-Tob ben Shaprut.

Samuel Abrabanel at court under Henry II of Castile.

Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310–1380), innovator; Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbinical author; Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310–1409), Talmudist; Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher.

1379. Joseph Pichon, receiver-general of taxes in Seville, murdered, probably at the instigation of Jews, against whom the fury of the populace is turned.

1380. Juan I restricts the judicial autonomy of the Castilian Jewish communities.

1381. A synod at Mayence regulates the rabbinical marriage laws (Tekanoth Shum).

1385. Juan I of Castile revives the canonical restrictions against the Jews.

1389. The charge of host desecration leads to the massacre of the Jews of Prague.

1391. Ferdinand Martinez incites the mob against the Jews of Seville. The massacre and plunder of the Jews spreads from Castile to Aragon, Majorca, and other parts of Spain. Many Jews converted to Christianity: Marranos. Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria, 1350–1435), begins his machinations against Judaism.

1392. Joao I of Portugal forbids force in the conversion of Jews.

1394. Third and last expulsion of the Jews from France, under Charles VI.

1396 (about). Writings in defence of Judaism by Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), Chasdaï Crescas, and Profiat Duran.

1399. Persecution of the Jews of Prague at the instigation of the apostate Pessach; Lipmann of Mühlhausen among the sufferers.

1408. Alfonso X’s anti-Jewish laws revived under Juan II of Castile.

Don Meïr Alguades, rabbi and physician, executed on the charge of host desecration.

Kabbalistic studies flourish in Spain.

1408. Simon Duran (1361–1444), rabbi of Algiers.

1410. Chasdaï Crescas publishes his religio-philosophic work.

1412. Juan II issues an edict of twenty-four articles designed to reduce the social prestige of the Jews. Vincent Ferrer preaches Christianity in the synagogues, and inflames the populace against the Jews. Second general massacre of Jews in all the Spanish provinces. Numerous Jews submit to baptism.

1413. Religious disputation at Tortosa arranged by Pope Benedict XIII between Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), and Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi and Joseph Albo. Many Jews submit to baptism.

1415. Benedict XIII forbids the study of the Talmud, and ordains the Jew badge and Christian sermons for Jews.

1419. Martin V issues a bull deprecating the forced conversion of Jews.

1420. Persecution of the Jews of Austria.

1421. Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiler of the German synagogue liturgy and melodies.

1426. The Jews of Cologne banished.

1428. Joseph Albo (1380–1444) publishes his philosophical work Ikkarim.

1431. The Jews of South Germany persecuted on account of the blood accusation.

1431. Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek) regulates divorce proceedings.

1432. A synod at Avila under Abraham Benveniste Senior provides for an educational system for Jewish Spain (the law of Avila).

Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388–1451), Italian Jewish poet and physician.

1434. The Council of Basle renews old and devises new canonical restrictions against Jews.

Annihilation of the Jews of Majorca.

1441. The Jews expelled from Augsburg.

1442. Eugenius IV issues a bull enforcing all the old canonical restrictions against the Jews of Leon and Castile.

1445. The first Hebrew concordance by Isaac ben Kalonymos Nathan.

1447. Nicholas V makes Eugenius IV’s bull applicable to Italian Jews.

Casimir IV of Poland grants unusual privileges to Jews.

1450. The Jews of Bavaria persecuted.

1451. Nicholas de Cusa enforces the wearing of Jew badges in Germany.

Pope Nicholas V authorizes the appointment of inquisitors for Marranos.

1453. The persecution of the Jews of Germany, Silesia, and Poland at the instigation of John of Capistrano.

The Jews favored in Turkey. Moses Kapsali chief rabbi.

1454. The privileges of the Polish Jews revoked.

1460. Alfonso de Spina publishes an attack upon Judaism.

1468. The Jews of Sepulveda charged with the blood accusation.

1470. The Marranos of Valladolid attacked.

1472. The Marranos of Cordova attacked.

1474. The Marranos of Segovia attacked.

1475. Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in Italy.

The Jews charged with the murder of Simon of Trent for ritual purposes; a persecution of the Jews of Ratisbon follows.

1480 (about). Pico di Mirandola the first Christian scholar to devote himself to Hebrew literature.

1480. The Inquisition against the Marranos established in Seville and at other places in Castile.

1482. Pope Sixtus IV denounces the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition.

1482. The Inquisition against Marranos established in Aragon, Thomas de Torquemada chief inquisitor.

Elias del Medigo (1463–1498), scholar.

1483. Torquemada made inquisitor-general of Spain.

1484. Isaac ben Jehuda Abrabanel (1437–1509), minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella.

1492. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain.

XIX. ОТ ИЗГНАНИЯ ИЗ ИСПАНИИ ДО ГОНЕНИЙ В ПОЛЬШЕ. (1492–1648 гг. н. э.)

1493 Most Spanish Jews leave Portugal; all remaining behind are sold as slaves.

Simon Duran II (1439–1570), rabbi of Algiers.

1494. Isaac Abrabanel, minister of finance to two kings of Naples.

1496. Manoel of Portugal orders the Jews to accept baptism or leave the country.

1497. Manoel seizes Jewish children and has them baptized; many Jews accept baptism; all others banished from Portugal.

1498. The exiles settled in Navarre banished.

1499. The Jews of Nuremberg banished.

1502. Judah Leon Abrabanel (Medigo, 1470–1530) writes his “Dialogues of Love.”

Asher Lämmlein proclaims himself the forerunner of the Messiah.

1503 (about). Abraham Farissol (1451–1525), scholar at the court of Ferrara.

Gershon Cohen Soncinus establishes a Hebrew printing office in Prague.

Jacob Polak (1460–1530), the alleged originator of the Pilpul method of Talmud study.

1504. Abraham Zacuto finishes his chronicle, “Sefer Yochasin.”

1506. Massacre of Marranos in Lisbon.

1507. Beginning of the feud between John Reuchlin and the Humanists on the one side and, on the other, Pfefferkorn, the tool of the Dominicans led by Hoogstraten, Victor von Karben, Arnold von Tongern, Ortuinus Gratius, and the theological faculties of various universities. The Talmud and the Jews attacked and defended before Maximilian I, Popes Alexander VI and Leo X. The last publication by Pfefferkorn in 1521, near the beginning of Luther’s Reformation.

1507 (about). Obadiah Sforno, Jacob Mantin, Abraham de Balmes, and Elias Levita (1468–1549), Hebrew grammarians, teachers of Hebrew to Christians. Introduction of Hebrew studies into German and French universities through the efforts of Egidio de Viterbo, Reuchlin, and Augustin Justiniani.

1514 (about). Obadyah di Bertinoro (1470–1520), Talmudist and preacher, improves Jerusalem.

1516. Venice sets apart a special quarter for a Ghetto.

1517 (about). David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470–1573) abolishes the Seleucidæan era for the Egyptian Jews.

1518 (about). Samuel Abrabanel (1473–1550) employed as financier by the viceroy of Naples; Benvenida Abrabanela.

1519 (about). Joseph ben Gershon Loans (Joslin of Rosheim, 1478–1554), representative and protector of the German Jews.

1520 (about). Elias Mizrachi (1455–1527), chief rabbi of Turkey.

1523 (about). Elias Kapsali (1490–1555), historian.

1524. The Jews of Cairo threatened with destruction by Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt.

João III of Portugal employs Henrique Nunes (Firme-Fé) as a spy upon the Marranos.

David Reubeni in Rome under the protection of Pope Clement VII.

1529. Solomon Molcho (Diogo Pires, 1501–1532) begins his Messianic agitation.

1530 (about). Portuguese Marranos burnt by order of the Bishop of Ceuta.

1531. Clement VII issues a bull establishing the Portuguese Inquisition for Marranos.

1532. Marranos forbidden to leave Portugal.

Molcho burnt by Emperor Charles V at Mantua.

Clement VII stops the proceedings of the Portuguese Inquisition at the instance of Marranos.

1535. Eighteen hundred Marranos liberated from the Portuguese Inquisition in obedience to a bull of Paul III.

1535 (about). Moses Hamon (1490–1565), physician to Sultan Selim I.

1536. Paul III sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition.

1538. The ordination of rabbis (Semicha) re-introduced by Jacob Berab.

1541. Most of the Jews leave Naples, where they are threatened with social degradation.

1542. The Jews of Prague banished.

Luther attacks the Jews.

1548. Portuguese Marranos again liberated on the interference of Paul III.

1550. The Jews banished from Genoa.

1552. Samuel Usque finishes his “Consolations for the Sorrows of Israel.”

1553. The Talmud confiscated under Julius III in Italy.

1554. Joseph Karo (1488–1575), Kabbalist and Talmudist, finishes his code, the Shulchan Aruch.

1555. Paul IV issues a severe bull against the Jews.

The Marranos of Ancona imprisoned and tried by the Inquisition.

1555. Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568), physician.

1556. Sultan Solyman demands from Paul IV the release of Turkish Marranos; Donna Gracia Mendesia (1510–1568).

1559. The Talmud burnt at Cremona; prayer books burnt in Vienna.

1560 (about). Joseph ben Joshua Cohen (1496–1575), historian, writes his “Annals.”

Joseph Ibn-Verga completes the martyrology “Shebet Jehuda,” begun by his grandfather and father.

1561. The Jews of Prague banished.

1564. Pius IV permits the publication of the Talmud without its name, and after having been submitted to censorship.