«История евреев. Том 6»

1566. Pius V enforces all the canonical restrictions against the Jews.

Joseph Nassi (d. 1579) made Duke of Naxos by Sultan Selim II.

1568. Isaac Lurya Levi (1534–1572), Kabbalist, pretends to be the Messiah of Joseph.

Chayim Vital Calabrese (1543–1620), Kabbalist, associate of Lurya.

1569. All the Jews in the Papal States except those of Rome and Ancona expelled.

1570. Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi (1514–1578), scholar.

1570 (about). Solomon Lurya (1510–1573) and Moses ben Israel Isserles (1520–1572), author of the “Mappa,” the continuation of the Shulchan Aruch, Polish Talmudists.

1574. Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi negotiates peace between Venice and Turkey.

1576. Stephen Bathori allows the Jews of Poland to carry on trade without restrictions.

1579. Gracia Nassi establishes a Hebrew printing press in Turkey. Esther Kiera, Turkish court-Jewess, publishes Hebrew books.

1581. Gregory XIII forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, re-ordains the confiscation of Hebrew books, and re-introduces the compulsory Christian sermon for Jews.

1586. Sixtus V permits Jews in the Papal States and the printing of the Talmud.

David de Pomis (1525–1588), physician.

1586 (about). The Jews of Poland establish the Synod of the Four Countries; Mordecai Jafa probably its first president.

1587. Gedalya Ibn-Yachya (1515–1587), historian, has his work printed.

1592. David Gans (1541–1613) publishes his history.

1593. Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533–1594), Karaite, publishes his “Chisuk Emunah.”

Clement VIII expels the Jews from all the Papal States except Rome and Ancona.

The first Marrano settlement made in Holland at Amsterdam under Jacob Tirado.

1597. The Jews expelled from various Italian principalities; Ferrara ceases to harbor Marranos.

1604. Clement VIII issues a bull of absolution for imprisoned Portuguese Marranos.

1612. Portuguese Jews granted right of residence in Hamburg.

1614. Vincent Fettmilch’s attack upon the Jews of Frankfort.

1615. The Jews of Worms banished.

1616. Jews re-admitted into Frankfort and Worms.

1617. Lipmann Heller (1579–1654) completes his “Tossafoth Yomtob.”

1619. Permission accorded the Jews of Amsterdam to profess their religion.

1621 (about). Sara Copia Sullam (1600–1641), poetess.

1623. Excommunication of Uriel da Costa (1590–1640).

1630. Suffering of the Jews during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648).

1639 (about). A Talmud Torah opened in Amsterdam. Saul Levi Morteira, Isaac Aboab de Fonseca, and Manasseh ben Israel, rabbis of Amsterdam.

1641 (about). Leo ben Isaac Modena (1571–1649); Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591–1655); and Simone Luzzatto (1590–1663), scholars not wholly in accord with the Judaism of their time.

1646. The Jews in Brazil side with the Dutch in their war with the Portuguese.

1648. Beginning of the Cossack persecutions of the Jews in Poland under Chmielnicki.

XX. ОТ ГОНЕНИЙ В ПОЛЬШЕ ДО НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ. (1648–1873 гг. н. э.)

1649 (about). Christian scholars in Holland devote themselves to Hebrew literature.

1655. Manasseh ben Israel goes to London to obtain from Cromwell the re-admission of the Jews into England.

1657. Cromwell permits Sephardic Jews settled in London to open a burial ground.

1665. Sabbataï Zevi (1626–1676) publicly accepted as the Messiah; his followers and opponents.

1670. Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) publishes his “Theologico-Political Treatise”; contemporary Marrano poets and authors in Amsterdam.

The Jews banished from Vienna by Emperor Leopold I.

The Jews permitted to settle in the Mark Brandenburg by Elector John George.

1678 (about). Richard Simon, Father of the Oratory, makes Rabbinical literature known to Christians.

1679. Mordecai of Eisenstadt renews the Sabbatian craze.

1686 (about). Jacob Querido represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi.

1690 (about). Swedish scholars study the history of the Karaites.

1695 (about). Berachya represents himself as the successor of Sabbataï Zevi; his sect, the Donmäh.

1698. William Surenhuysius translates the Mishna into Latin.

1700. John Andrew Eisenmenger attempts the publication of his “Judaism Unmasked.”

1707. Jacob Basnage publishes his “History of the Jewish Religion.”

1713. Nehemiah Chiya Chayon (1650–1726), Sabbatian, causes a quarrel in the Amsterdam community; Solomon Ayllon and Chacham Zevi (Zevi ben Jacob Ashkenazi, 1656–1678).

1743. Moses Chayim Luzzatto (1707–1747), poet and Kabbalist, publishes his drama La-Yesharim Tehilla.

1745. The Jews of Prague placed under severe restrictions by Maria Theresa.

1750 (about). Chassidism founded by Israel Baalshem (1698–1759) and Beer of Mizricz (1700–1772); Elijah Wilna Gaon (1720–1797), its antagonist.

1751. Contest between Jonathan Eibeschütz (1690–1764) and Jacob Emden Ashkenazi (1698–1776).

1755. Moses Mendelssohn (1728–1786) publishes his first work.

1759 (about). Jacob Frank, Sabbatian leader, founder of the Frankist sect.

1762. Isaac Pinto publishes his “Reflections” in answer to Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism.

1778. Mendelssohn publishes the first part of his Pentateuch translation.

1779. Lessing publishes his “Nathan the Wise.”

1781. Christian William Dohm (1751–1820) publishes his work “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews.”

Joseph II of Austria abolishes the Jewish poll-tax, and grants civil liberties to the Jews.

1783. Mendelssohn publishes “Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism.”

1783. Ha-Meassef founded by Mendelssohn’s followers (Measfim).

1787. Mirabeau publishes his work “Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews.”

1788. The poll-tax removed from the Jews of Prussia.

1789. Abbé Grégoire publishes his “Proposals in Favor of the Jews.”

1790. The French National Assembly grants citizenship to the Sephardic Jews.

1791. The French National Assembly grants full civil rights to the Jews.

1796. The Batavian National Assembly decrees citizenship for the Jews.

1803. Israel Jacobson and Wolff Breidenbach agitate the abolition of the poll-tax for Jews.

1804. Alexander I of Russia exempts certain classes of Jews from the exceptional laws.

1806. Napoleon I summons the Assembly of Jewish Notables; Abraham Furtado, president. Twelve Questions propounded to the Assembly.

1807. The Great Synhedrion convened by Napoleon; Joseph David Sinzheim president.

1808. The Jews of Westphalia and of Baden emancipated.

1811. The Jews of Hamburg emancipated.

1812. The Jews of Mecklenburg and Prussia emancipated.

1818 (about). Consecration of the Temple of the Hamburg Reform Union, Gotthold Salomon, preacher.

1819. The beginning of the “Hep, hep!” persecutions.

Formation of the Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews; Zunz, Gans, and Moser.

1821. Chacham Bernays opposes the Reform Temple Union in Hamburg.

1822. Isaac Marcus Jost (1793–1860) begins to publish his history of the Jews.

1825. Isaac Noah Mannheimer (1793–1864), rabbi in Vienna, champion of the moderate party.

1831. Louis Philippe ratifies the law for the complete emancipation of the French Jews.

Gabriel Riesser (1806–1860), champion of the emancipation of the German Jews.

Solomon Ludwig Steinheim (1790–1866), Jewish religious philosopher.

Nachman Cohen Krochmal (1785–1840), Solomon Jehuda Rapoport (1790–1867), Samuel David Luzzatto (1800–1865), Isaac Erter (1792–1851), scholars, regenerators of Jewish science and Hebrew style.

1832. Leopold Zunz (1794–1886) publishes his first epoch-making work.

1833. The Kerem Chemed, a Hebrew journal for Jewish science, established.

1835. Abraham Geiger (1810–1876), scholar and preacher.

1836. Franz Delitzsch publishes his “History of Neo-Hebraic Poetry.”

1839. Sultan Abdul Meg’id grants citizenship to Turkish Jews.

1840. The Damascus blood accusation; Moses Montefiore (1784–1885); Adolf Crémieux (1796–1880); Solomon Munk (1802–1867).

1842. The “Society of the Friends of Reform” founded in Frankfort.

1844. The first Rabbinical Conference at Brunswick; Samuel Holdheim (1806–1860).

1845. The Reform Association formed in Berlin.

The second Rabbinical Conference at Frankfort; Zachariah Frankel (1801–1875).

Michael Sachs (1808–1864) publishes his “Religious Poetry of the Jews of Spain.”

1848. The emancipation of the Jews in the German states.

1854. The Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary founded.

1858. The oath “on the true faith of a Christian” abolished in England; Jewish disabilities removed.

The Mortara abduction case.

1860. The Alliance Israélite Universelle founded.

1871. The Anglo-Jewish Association founded.

1873. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations established.

ЦАРИ ИУДЕИ И ИЗРАИЛЯ. (1067–586 гг. до н. э.)

Саул 1067

Давид 1055

Соломон 1015

Judah. Israel.

Rehoboam —977— Jeroboam I

Abijam —960

Asa —957

955— Nadab

954— Baasha

933— Elah

932— Omri-Tibni

928— Omri

922— Ahab

Jehoshaphat —918

901— Ahaziah

899— Jehoram

Joram —894

Ahaziah —888

Athaliah —887— Jehu

Joash —881

860— Jehoahaz

845— Jehoash

Amaziah —843

830— Jeroboam II

Period of Anarchy —815

Uzziah —805

769— Zechariah

768— Shallum

768— Menahem

757— Pekahiah

755— Pekah

Jotham —754

Ahaz —739

736— Period of Anarchy

727— Hoshea

Hezekiah —724

719— Samaria Destroyed

Manasseh —695

Amon —640

Josiah —638

Jehoahaz —608

Jehoiakim —607

Jehoiachin —596

Zedekiah —596

586 Destruction of the First Temple.

ПЕРВОСВЯЩЕННИКИ. (ОТ ПЛЕНЕНИЯ ДО РАССЕЯНИЯ.)

Period. High Priest. Civil Ruler.

VIII

586–516

B. C. E. Jehozedek Babylonian Kings and Cyrus

Joshua b. Jehozedek Zerubbabel (Cyrus and Darius I)

IX

516–332

B. C. E. Jehoiakim Xerxes I

Eliashib Nehemiah (Artaxerxes I)

Joiada Nehemiah (Darius II)

Johanan b. Joiada Artaxerxes III

Jaddua Alexander the Great

X

332–175

B. C. E. Onias I Ptolemy I Soter

Simon I the Just (300–270) Ptolemy I Soter

during the minority of Onias II

Eleazar (br. of Simon I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Manasseh (br. of Onias I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Onias II (240) Ptolemy III Euergetes

Simon II Ptolemy IV Philopator

Onias III (Jason his deputy) Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Antiochus III

XI

175–140

B. C. E. Jason (174) Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Menelaus (Onias IV, 172.

Lysimachus his deputy) Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Judas Maccabæus (163) Antiochus V Eupator

Alcimus (162–159) appointed by Demetrius I Soter

Jonathan Haphus (152–143) Alexander Balas

Simon (III) Tharsi (143–135) Simon Tharsi

XII

140–37

B. C. E. Hyrcanus I (135–106) Hyrcanus I

Aristobulus I (106–105) Aristobulus I

Alexander Jannæus (105–79) Alexander (I) Jannæus

Hyrcanus II (79–40) Alexandra, Hyrcanus II, Aristobulus II, and Roman

governors

Antigonus (40–37) Antigonus

Period. High Priest. Appointee.

XIII

37 B. C. E.-

72 C. E. Ananel (37–35) Herod I

Aristobulus (III) (35) Herod I

Ananel (34, second term) Herod I

Joshua, of the family Phabi Herod I

Simon (IV) b. Boëthus Herod I

Matthias b. Theophilus (Joseph b. Ellem his deputy)

Joaser b. Simon (b. Boëthus) Herod I

Eleazar (brother of Joaser) Archelaus

Joshua, of the family Sié Archelaus

Joaser (second term) Archelaus

Anan, of the family Seth Quirinius, governor of Syria

Ishmael I Phabi Valerius Gratus, procurator

Eleazar b. Anan Valerius Gratus, procurator

Simon (V) b. Camyth Valerius Gratus, procurator

Joseph Caiaphas (26–36) Valerius Gratus, procurator

Jonathan b. Anan Vitellius, governor of Syria

Theophilus b. Anan (brother

of preceding) Vitellius, governor of Syria

Simon (VI) b. Boëthus, of

the family Cantheras (41) Agrippa I

Matthias b. Anan (brother

of Jonathan) Agrippa I

Elionai b. Hakoph (44) Agrippa I

Joseph b. Camyth (45) Herod II

Ananias b. Nebedeus (48) Herod II

Ishmael II Phabi (59–61) Agrippa II

Joseph Cabi (61) Agrippa II

Anan, of the family Anan Agrippa II

Joshua b. Damnai Agrippa II

Joshua b. Gamala Agrippa II

Matthias b. Theophilus Agrippa II

Phineas b. Samuel (67, 68) The People

ХАСМОНЕЙСКАЯ ДИНАСТИЯ (143–37 гг. до н. э.)

Симон Хасмоней | Иоханан | Маттафия (ум. 167) | +-------------+------------+------------+-------------+ | | | | | Иоханан Гади (ум. ок. 160) I. СИМОН ФАРСИ (143-135) | Иуда Маккавей (ум. 160) | Елеазар Хауран (ум. 163) | Ионатан Хафус (ум. 143) | Симон Пселлус | | | | | +-----------+------------+---------+------+ +-+-+ +-+-+ | | | | | | | | | | II. ИОАНН ГИРКАН I (135-106) Иуда (ум. 135) Маттафия (ум. 135) Сын Дочь Два сына | | Восемь сыновей | | Птолемей | | | | б. Хабуб | | | | | | | +-----------------------+ Дочь м. Маттафия | | Эплиас +----------+-------+--------+----------+---+ | | | | | | | Антигон (ум. 105) IV. АЛЕКСАНДР (I) ЯННАЙ (105-79) | Сын | Куртус | | | | III. АРИСТОБУЛ I (106-105) м. Авессалом | Джозеф | м. АЛЕКСАНДРА | | Саломея Александра (79-70) | Маттафия | | | | +----------------+ ФЛАВИЙ ИОСИФ (ум. ок. 95) | | | +-----------+----------+ +----------+--------+ | | | | | | VI. ГИРКАН II (70-40) VII. АРИСТОБУЛ II (69-63) Гиркан (ум. 31) Юлий (ум. 48) Агриппа | | | | +-------------+-----+----------------+-----------+ | | | | | Александра м. Александр (II) | (ум. ок. 52) VIII. АНТИГОН (40-37) Александра дочь | м. | 1. Филиппион +------+--------+ 2. Птолемей Халкидский | | | Мариамна (ум. 29) Аристобул (III) (ум. 35) м. ИРОД

ДИНАСТИЯ ИРОДИАДОВ (37 г. до н. э. – 70 г. н. э.)

Антипатр м. Кипр (ум. 43 г. до н. э.) | (арабка) | +-----------------------+-----+-------------+------+-------+ | | | | | | | I. | | | | Фасаель | ГЕРОД I (37-4) | Иосиф | | | | | (Царь | | | | | | Палестины) | | Ферора | | | Фасаель м. | | | | м. +------1. Дорис | | | | Салампсио | | | | (дочь | |+-----2. Мариамна I | Иосиф | | | Мариамны I) | | (ум. 29) | м. | | | | (внучка | | Олимпиада | | | | Гиркана | | | | +--+--+-----+-----+----+ || II) | | | | | | | ||+---3. Мариамна II | | Дочь | | Антипатр | Александр | Кипр ||| (дочь | | м. | | | м. | ||| Симона б. | | Сын | | | Агриппы I ||| Боэтуса) | | Антипатра | | | |||+--4. Мальфака | | | Саломея | | | |||| (самаритянка) | | м. | | | ||||+-5. Клеопатра | | +----1. Иосиф | | | ||||| (из | Мариамна | (дядя | | | ||||| Иерусалима) | м. | | | ||||| м. пять других | Ирод II | | | ||||| жен | | | | ||||| | | | | ||||| три | | | | ||||| ребенка | | | | ||| ||||| +-------------------+|| ||||| | +------+|| ||||| | | | +---------------------------+|||| | | | +-----+ | |||| | | | | Антипатр | |||| Антипатр | Береника | Алексас | м. |||| м. Ципр | м. | м. | Мариамна | |||| (дочь | 1. Аристобул | Сельсия | (дочь | |||| Мариамны I) | (сын | | Аристобула) | |||| | Мариамны I) | (дочь | |||| | | Антипатра) | |||| | | | |||| | | | | +----------------------------------+||| Ципр | | | | м. | | | Ципр | | +---------------------------+|| Алексас | | | | | || Сельсия | | | | | || | | | | | |+------------------+---------+ | | | | | | | | | Herod [Филипп] +-------------+------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Иродиада | | | | | Олимпиада | | | | | (дочь | II. | III. | м. | | | | Аристобула) | АРХЕЛАЙ | ИРОД АНТИПА | Иосиф | | | | | (2 г. до н. э. | (4 г. до н. э. | (сын | | IV. | | | - 6 г. н. э.) | - 40 г. н. э.) | Иосифа) | | [ИРОД] ФИЛИПП | | | (Этнарх | (Тетрарх | | | (4 г. до н. э. | | | Иудеи и | Галилеи | | | - 33 г. н. э.) | | | Самарии) | и Переи) | | | (Тетрарх | | | м. | м. | | | Гауланитиды, | | | Глафира | 1. Дочь | | | Батанеи, | | | (вдова | Ареты | | | Трахонитиды | | | Александра) | 2. Иродиада | | | и Панеады) | | | | м. | | | м. | | | 1. [Ирод] Филипп | | | Саломея | | | 2. Аристобул | | | (дочь | | | (сын | | | Аристобула) | | | Ирода II) | | | | | | +------+---------------------------+---------------+-------------+ | | | | | | | | | Александр | Аристобул | Салампсио | Ципр | (ум. 6 г. до н. э.) | (ум. 6 г. до н. э.) | м. | м. | м. | м. | Фасаель | Антипатр | Глафира | Береника | (племянник | (сын Саломеи) | (из Каппадокии) | (дочь Саломеи) | Ирода I) | | | | +---+----------+ | | | | | | | Александр | Тигран | | | | (Царь | | | Тигран | Армении) | | | | | | Александр | | | | | | | | | | Потомки | | | | | | | не евреи | | | +--------------+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+ | | | | | | | | | V. | VI. | | | | АГРИППА I | ИРОД II | Аристобул | Мариамна | (41-44) | (44-48) | м. | | | (Царь | (Принц Халкиды | Ятапа | | Антипатр | Палестины) | и титулярный царь | (из Эмесы) | | (сын | м. | Палестины) | | | Дорис) | Ципр | м. | | | | (дочь | +-1. Мариамна | | | Фасаеля) | (дочь Иосифа) | | | | | | 2. Береника | Ятапа | | | | | (дочь Агриппы I) | | | | +------+------+---+---+--------+| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VII. | | | | +-----------+ Иродиада | | АГРИППА II | | Мариамна | || Берниниан | Гиркан 1. Ирод [Филипп] | (49-70) | | м. | || | 2. Ирод Антипа | | (Принц | |+--1. Юлий | || | | | Халкиды и | | Архелай |+------------+ | | титулярный царь | | | | | | Иудеи) | || 2. Деметрий | | Аристобул | | | | || | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |+-------+ +--+ Саломея | | | | | | (дочь Ирода | Друз | Береника | Друзилла | | [Филиппа]) | м. | м. | | | | 1. Марк | 1. Азиз | | | | 2. Ирод II | Эмесский | Ирод | Агриппа | Аристобул | 3. Полемон | 2. Феликс | | | | Киликийский | | | | | | Агриппа (III)

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.

Пояснительные примечания.

Полный перечень ссылок на евреев см. в статьях «Израильтяне» (до 586 г. до н. э., Вавилонское пленение) и «Иудеи» (до 70 г. н. э., Рассеяние), а также в статьях «Евреи», «Евреи [название города/страны]» и «Иудеи [название города/страны]».

Персоналии, жившие до 1600 года, приведены под своими именами. Это правило было нарушено в отношении некоторых испанских раввинов и марранов, живших до этой даты, которые указаны под своими фамилиями, а также некоторых немцев и поляков, живших после этой даты, которые указаны под своими именами. В таких случаях даны перекрестные ссылки.

Лица с одинаковыми описательными прозвищами, такими как Герунди, Ибн-Эзра, Абрабанель, Абулафия, перечислены под ними, но ссылки проиндексированы, как указано выше.

Лица с одинаковыми именами, такими как Авраам, Иаков и т. д., расположены в порядке, принятом Джозефом Зеднером в его «Каталоге еврейских книг в библиотеке Британского музея» (1867):

«1. Те, кто выделен только эпитетом, происходящим от места рождения, звания или рода занятий, расположены в алфавитном порядке эпитетов.

«2. Те, за которыми следует слово «бен» (сын) [в нашем указателе им предшествуют лица с арамейской формой «бар», а за ними следуют лица с арабской формой «ибн» и английской «son of»], расположены в соответствии с именем отца.

«3. Составные имена из личного и фамильного имени, например, Иаков Бераб, или два личных имени, например, Иаков Зеев, [или личное имя и место рождения, когда последнее следует без предлога или изменено с добавлением «of», например, Иаков Тус, Авраам Бедареси].

«4. Фамилии, например, Иаков (Генри)».

Однако такая классификация Зеднера подчинена общим правилам индексации и каталогизации, а именно: 1. Папы — по номерам; 2. Императоры; 3. Короли и суверенные князья — по странам и номерам в каждой стране; 4. Остальные — по именам, без учета предлогов и артиклей.

* * * * *

Приведенная ниже таблица позволит читателю соотнести указатель американского издания «Истории» с немецким оригиналом, если возникнет необходимость обратиться к примечаниям и другим дополнительным материалам, содержащимся в оригинале.

American Edition. German.

Volume I, P. 1–178 = Volume I.

Volume I, P. 179–487 = Volume II.

Volume I, P. 487–531 = Volume III.

Volume II, P. 1–320

Volume II, P. 321–635 = Volume IV.

Volume III, P. 1–250 = Volume V.

Volume III, P. 250–493 = Volume VI.

Volume III, P. 494–650 = Volume VII.

Volume IV, P. 1–126

Volume IV, P. 127–381 = Volume VIII.

Volume IV, P. 382–675 = Volume IX.

Volume IV, P. 676–708 = Volume X.

Volume V, P. 1–290

Volume V, P. 291–703 = Volume XI.

Списки имен и т. д. в указателе.

Академии, вавилонские.

Альянсы, еврейские.

Амораи.

Антимаймонисты.

Апостаты (отступники).

Астрономы и математики, еврейские.

Церковные соборы.

Кодексы, общие, определяющие статус евреев.

Кодексы, еврейские религиозные.

Совет, Великий, пары во главе его.

Эксилархи.

Баснописцы.

Франкисты.

Грамматики и лексикографы, еврейские.

Хасмонейская династия, члены.

Иродиадская династия, члены.

Первосвященники.

Историки, еврейские.

Историки евреев.

Израиль, цари.

Израильтяне, цари.

Журналы, еврейские.

Иудея, цари.

Иудея, римские наместники.

Иудаизм, секты.

Судьи.

Каббалистические термины.

Каббалисты.

Караимские секты.

Караимские писатели.

Маймонисты.

Масореты.

Меаспим.

Мессии.

Нагардея, академия, главы.

Патриархи.

Философы, еврейские.

Врачи, еврейские.

Поэты, еврейские.

Прокураторы Иудеи.

Пророки.

Пумбедита, академия, главы.

Раввины.

Раввины, странствующие.

Саббатай Цви, последователи.

Сабураи.

Сура, академия, гаоны.

Сура, академия, главы.

Синедрион, президенты.

Сирия, римские наместники.

Талмудисты.

Таннаи.

Путешественники, еврейские.

Писатели (историки, памфлетисты, ученые и т. д.), нееврейские, по еврейским вопросам.

Почти полную биографическую историю евреев можно составить, проследив по указателю биографии лиц, сгруппированных ниже. В левой колонке указаны классы светских руководителей еврейской общины; в правой — духовных руководителей; в средней колонке — тех, чье положение, власть и влияние были (или считались) как духовными, так и светскими.

—— Patriarchs. ——

Leaders Moses

and

Joshua. Moses. High Priests.

Judges. —— High Priests.

Kings. Prophets. High Priests.

Leaders Zerubbabel,

Ezra, and

Nehemiah. Ezra

and

Prophets. High Priests.

—— High Priests. ——

—— Hasmonæan Dynasty

(Princes and High Priests). ——

Herodian Dynasty. —— High Priests.

Roman Procurators

of Judæa. Presidents of the

Synhedrion.

Roman Governors

of Syria. Teachers of the

Law (Tanaites).

—— Presidents of the Synhedrion

(under the titles Patriarch,

Nassi, Prince, and Rabban)

and

Teachers of the Law

(Tanaites and Amoraim). ——

Princes of the

Captivity.

(Exilarch,

Resh Galutha). Presidents of the

Babylonian

Academies, Geonim.

Physicians and Philosophers.

Poets.

Talmudists and Rabbis.

Указатель

А

Aaron, high priest, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.

countenances idolatry, 1, 14.

meets Moses on Horeb, 1, 15.

потомки. См. Аарониды.

Аарон де ла Папа. См. Папа, Аарон де ла.

Aaron of York, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.

sums paid to Henry III by, 3, 591.

Aaron ben Asher, Massoret, criticised by Saadiah, 3, 196, 207.

corrects Bible manuscripts, 3, 207.

as a poet, 3, 223.

Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher, 4, 95.

Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder (1270–1300), Karaite physician, disciple of Nachmani, 3, 607; 4, 71.

fixes the Karaite prayer book, 4, 71.

Aaron ben Meshullam (1170–1210), scholar, 3, 396.

Maimunist, attacks Meïr Abulafia, 3, 524.

Aaron ben Zerach, martyr, 4, 144.

Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni, physician at Alexandria, 3, 340.

Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu (943–960), opponent of Saadiah, 3, 194, 195, 196, 200.

reconciled with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.

Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 202.

death of, 3, 207–8.

in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

Aaron Cohen, of Narbonne, elegy by, 4, 49.

Aaron Halevi (1235–1300), Talmudist, 3, 621.

Aaronides, the, oppose idolatry under Manasseh, 1, 283.

dismissed for not participating in idolatrous worship, 1, 284.

massacred at the first fall of Jerusalem, 1, 314.

return with Zerubbabel, 1, 352.

rejected by Nehemiah, 1, 378.

provided for, under Ezra, 1, 382.

exiled by Nehemiah, 1, 386.

officiate on Gerizim, 1, 390.

honor Judah I’s remains, 2, 467.

in charge of Judah II’s remains, 2, 487.

in Arabia, 3, 55.

make Abraham ben David’s grave, 3, 490.

См. также Первосвященники; Священники.

Ab, the Ninth of, celebration of, by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152, 159.

Abaka (Abagha), Tartar king in Persia, 3, 638.

Abayi Nachmani (280–338), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.

disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575, 580, 583.

principal of the Pumbeditha Academy, 2, 583.

youth of, 2, 583–4.

integrity of, 2, 584.

decrease of students under, 2, 584–5.

dialectics of, 2, 585.

death of, 2, 585.

rebukes Raba bar Joseph, 2, 586.

Abba of Accho, ordination of, 2, 540.

modesty of, 2, 541.

Abba bar Abba, Amora, father of Mar-Samuel, 2, 511.

Abba-Areka (Rab), Amora, authorized to teach in Babylon, 2, 454, 479, 511.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

opposed to the purchase of oil from heathens, 2, 484.

reception of, in Babylonia, 2, 512.

made Agora-nomos, 2, 512.

introduces excommunication into Babylonia, 2, 517.

compared with Hillel, 2, 517.

wife of, 2, 517.

modesty of, 2, 517–18.

descendants of, 2, 518, 544.

opposes Persian innovations, 2, 521.

yields to Magian demands, 2, 526.

influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, 2, 544.

Abba-Mari ben Isaac, sheriff of St. Gilles, 3, 399.

Abba-Mari ben Moses (Don Astruc En-Duran), follower of Nachmanides, 4, 27–8.

appeals to Ben Adret, 4, 28, 29.

fails to win Jacob ben Machir’s aid, 4, 31.

aggressive anti-Maimunist, 4, 32.

adherents of, 4, 33–4.

secures the support of Asheri, 4, 38.

draws up the ban against the study of science, 4, 38, 39.

opposed by the Tibbonides, 4, 41–2.

in Perpignan, 4, 50.

Abba Saul, a Tanaite, 2, 330.

Abbadides, the, in Seville, 3, 315.

Abbahu, a Palestinian Amora, 2, 531.

and the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.

secular culture of, 2, 537–8.

education of the daughter of, 2, 537.

and Diocletian, 2, 538.

Hebrew style of, 2, 538.

attacks Christian dogmas, 2, 539–40.

modesty and generosity of, 2, 540–1.

on the Greek theatre, 2, 542.

makes Cæsarea an academic city, 2, 543.

sons of, 2, 543.

Abbasside Caliphate (Caliphate of the East, Bagdad Caliphate), the, weakness of, in the twelfth century, 3, 431.

conquered by Hulagu, 3, 606.

Abbasside Caliphate, the, the Jews of, in the ninth century, 3, 145–6, 176–80.

under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.

in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.

Abbassides, the, opponents of the Ommiyyades, 3, 125.

Ab-beth-din, president of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.

deputy of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 360, 404.

office of, ceases, 2, 453.

Abdallah Ibn-Allah, vizir, prevents the forced conversion of Jews to Islam, 3, 312.

Abdallah Ibn-Hakam, murders the king of Saragossa, 3, 266.

Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ, partisan of Ali, 3, 90.

Abdallah Ibn-Salâm, Jewish disciple of Mahomet, 3, 73.

Abdallah Ibn-Tumart, incites the Moors against the Almoravides, 3, 357–8.

founds the Almohades, 3, 358.

Abdallah Ibn-Ubey, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 75.

protects the Benu-Kainukaa, 3, 77.

promises aid to the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.

Abdallah, son of Saura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.

Abdallah Almamun (813–833), son of Haroun Alrashid, at war with his brother, 3, 145.

prosperity of the Abbasside Caliphate under, 3, 146.

adopts the Mutazilist theology, 3, 147.

appealed to by rival parties in the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.

the last of the tolerant caliphs of the East, 3, 176.

reduces the power of the Exilarchs, 3, 177.

Abdel-latif, Mahometan physician, on Maimonides, 3, 473, 488.

Abdon, judge, 1, 66.

Abdul-Malik, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.

Abdul Meg’id, sultan of Turkey, 5, 634.

emancipates the Jews, 5, 641, 664.

orders a revision of the Rhodes trial, 5, 647.

secures the Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 662.

Abdulmumen, Almohade ruler of northern Africa, tries to force Islam upon his subjects, 3, 358–60, 451.

Abdul-Rahman III, Ommiyyade caliph, appealed to in behalf of Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10.

Moslem culture under, 3, 214.

appoints Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut interpreter, 3, 216.

death of, 3, 222.

Abel, Psychic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Авель. См. Авель-Бет-Мааха.

Abel-Bethmaachah, refuge of Sheba, 1, 149–50.

the region of, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

Abelè-Zion, ascetic Karaites in Jerusalem, 3, 182. See also “Mourners of Zion,” the.

Abenacar, Isaac (Manuel Pimentel), first Jew buried at Ouderkerk, 4, 672.

Abendana, Jacob, rabbi of London, 5, 214.

Абенхуакар. См. Самуил Ибн-Вакар.

Abensur, Daniel, millionaire in Hamburg, 5, 205.

Abia, king of Arabia, at war with Izates of Adiabene, 2, 217–18.

Abiathar, the family of, under David’s protection, 1, 100.

partisan of David, 1, 107, 112.

made high priest, 1, 120.

on the persecution of the Gibeonites, 1, 123.

against Absalom, 1, 141.

urges the recall of David, 1, 146.

supports Adonijah, 1, 152.

of the priestly house of Ithamar, 1, 155.

deposed, 1, 160.

Аби-Эзри. См. Элеазар бен Иоэль ха-Леви.

Abigail, wife of David, 1, 134.

Abijah, son of Samuel, judge, 1, 79.

Abijam, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah, 1, 189.

Abilene, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

Abimaï, son of Abbahu, 2, 543.

Abimelech, judge, 1, 63.

Abin, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, 2, 567.

Abinadab, guards the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 119.

Abinadab, son of Saul, death of, 1, 103.

Abinerglus (Abennerig), father-in-law of Izates, 2, 216.

Abishag, wife of David, and Adonijah, 1, 160.

Abishai, brother of Joab, kills Abner, 1, 111.

saves David, 1, 117.

commander in the Ammonite war, 1, 127.

conducts the Idumæan war, 1, 128–9.

against Absalom, 1, 141, 144.

conducts the war against Sheba, 1, 149.

Ablaat, astronomer, friend of Mar-Samuel, 2, 521.

Abner, cousin of Saul, qualities of, 1, 84–5.

frees Israel from the Philistines, 1, 108.

makes Ishbosheth Saul’s successor, 1, 108.

actual founder of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, 1, 108.

jealous of Joab, 1, 109.

power of, 1, 109.

kills Asahel, 1, 110.

accused of coveting Rizpah, 1, 110.

joins David, 1, 110–11.

murdered, 1, 111–12.

Абнер из Бургоса. См. Альфонсо Бургенсис.

Aboab, Immanuel, defends Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 55.

Aboab, Isaac, rabbi of Toledo, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.

negotiates for the settlement of Spanish exiles in Portugal, 4, 352, 365.

death of, 4, 366.

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca (1606–1693), rabbi at Amsterdam, instructs at the Talmud Torah, 4, 681.

member of the first Rabbinical college, 4, 682.

as a preacher, 4, 682–3.

vacillating character of, 4, 683.

goes to Brazil, 4, 693.

on the war in Brazil, 4, 694.

devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 52.

translates Kabbalistic works, 5, 54, 88.

and Spinoza, 5, 92.

Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.

Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 240.

Aboda Zara, Mishnic treatise on idolaters, 2, 477.

Abodah, the, Day of Atonement Temple service, poem on, 3, 114–15.

Aboget, alleged poisoner of wells, 4, 102.

Абрабанель. См. Дормидо; Исаак бен Иуда; Исаак II, сын Исаака; Исаак III, сын Иуды Леона; Иуда Леон; Самуил I; Самуил II.

Abrabanel family, the, descended from David, 3, 43.

Абрабанела. См. Бенвенида.

Abradhi, caliph of the East, vizir of, favors Saadiah, 3, 200.

Abraham, disciple of Meïr of Rothenburg, 4, 74.

Abraham, monk, convert to Judaism, 3, 21.

Abraham, patriarch, acquires Machpelah, 1, 4.

monotheist, 1, 5.

virtues of, 1, 6.

revered by the Israelites, 1, 6–7.

impresses Mahomet, 3, 71.

in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Abraham of Aragon, oculist, 3, 583.

Abraham de Balmes, physician and grammarian, 4, 411.

instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.

Abraham de Beya, traveler in Portuguese employ, 4, 368.

Abraham of Granada, Kabbalist, 4, 196–7.

Авраам де Эррера. См. Эррера, Авраам де.

Abraham ben Chasdaï, Maimunist, as poet, 3, 388, 560.

denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.

epigram by, 3, 544.

Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer, 3, 313; 4, 120.

Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, as a controversialist, 3, 389, 399.

disciple of Abraham ben Isaac, 3, 392.

friend of Judah Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 397.

writes a Mishna commentary, 3, 399.

criticises Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, 3, 490.

death of, 3, 490.

alleged founder of the Kabbala, 3, 547.

Abraham ben Isaac, head of the college of Narbonne, 3, 392.

son-in-law of, 3, 399.

Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), personality of, 3, 366–7, 381.

attitude of, towards the Karaites, 3, 366.

and Jehuda Halevi and Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

poetry of, 3, 367–8.

as an exegete, 3, 368, 370–1, 371–3.

poverty of, 3, 368–9.

in the East, 3, 369.

in Rome, 3, 369–71.

as a grammarian, 3, 371, 374.

adheres to the Massora, 3, 371.

at Mantua and Lucca, 3, 371.

in southern France, 3, 373.

poem on, by Jacob Tam, 3, 373, 376.

in London, 3, 373–4.

as philosopher, 3, 373.

defends the Sabbath eve, 3, 374.

last years of, 3, 374–5.

son of, 3, 375.

influence of, on Italian Jews, 3, 423.

attacked by Nachmani, 3, 534, 608.

the works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.

admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 43.

the works of, studied in the fourteenth century, 4, 143–4.

the Pentateuch commentary by, commented upon, 4, 144.

commentary on the works of, 4, 191.

exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

commentary by, in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (1240–1291), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 11, 622.

youth and ideals of, 4, 4–5, 19.

system of, 5, 5–6, 14.

disciples of, 4, 6, 8, 10.

in Italy, 4, 6.

imprisoned, 4, 7.

Messianic claims of, 4, 7–8.

works of, 4, 8.

declared a heretic, 4, 625.

Авраам бен Шерира. См. Мар-Авраам.

Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), favorite of Alfonso III of Castile, 3, 384–5.

ambassador to Morocco, 3, 385.

encourages Talmud study, 3, 386.

Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), physician, philosopher, and historian, 3, 363–6.

parentage of, 3, 364.

attainments of, 3, 364.

as an historian, 3, 364, 365–6.

as a scientist, 3, 364.

as a philosopher, 3, 364–5.

style of, 3, 366.

death of, 3, 386.

the work of, consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.

Abraham Ibn-Shoshan, scholar, Spanish exile in Egypt, 4, 393.

Abraham Ibn-Zarzal, physician and astrologer, 4, 116.

Abraham, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 4, 150.

Abraham Bedaresi, poet, elegy by, 3, 579.

compared with his son, 4, 42.

Abraham Benveniste Senior, dignitary at the court of Juan II of Castile, 4, 228.

frames the law of Avila, 4, 229.

promotes the marriage of Isabella of Castile, 4, 280.

friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.

accepts baptism, 4, 351.

См. также Коронель.

Abraham Bibago, favorite of John II of Aragon, 4, 275.

Abraham Farissol (1451–1525), Bible commentator and geographer, 4, 411–12.

protegé of Hercules d’Este I, 4, 412–13.

polemic writings of, 4, 413.

Abraham Israel, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 264.

Abraham Klausner, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

Abraham Levi, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Abraham (Abulmeni) Maimuni (1185–1254), son of Maimonides, his successor, 3, 493.

Talmudist and philosopher, 3, 495.

visited by rabbis emigrating to Palestine, 3, 505.

and the attacks upon his father, 3, 525–6, 545.

Abraham Maimuni II, great-grandson of Maimonides, converts Karaites to Rabbanism, 4, 71–2.

Abraham Menz, director of the Padua college, 4, 410.

Abraham Saba, Kabbalist, leaves Portugal, 4, 381.

Abraham Yizchaki, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 220–1.

Abraham Zacuto, disciple of Isaac Aboab, pronounces his funeral oration, 4, 366.

author of an astronomical calendar, 4, 367, 372.

escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.

at Tunis, 4, 391.

writes the Sefer Yochasin, 4, 391.

flees to Turkey, 4, 392.

compared with Elias Kapsali, 4, 407.

chronicle of, published, 4, 608, 629.

great-grandson of, 4, 678.

Abraham Zacuto Lusitano (1576–1642), physician, honor paid to, 4, 678.

Abrianim, transgressors of the Law, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.

Absalom, son of David, instigates the murder of Amnon, 1, 134.

seeks refuge with Talmai of Geshur, 1, 134–5.

pardoned, 1, 136.

plots with Ahithophel, 1, 136, 138–44.

description of, 1, 137.

hailed as king in Hebron, 1, 139.

in Jerusalem, 1, 142–3.

accepts Hushai’s advice, 1, 143.

killed, 1, 144–5.

mourned by David, 1, 145.

monument of, 1, 145.

children of, 1, 145.

Absalom, son of John Hyrcanus, 2, 34.

in Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.

Abt, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 303.

Abtalion (Pollion), head of the Synhedrion, 2, 71–2.

maxims of, 2, 72; 3, 573.

disciples of, 2, 72, 96.

opposed to Antigonus, 2, 85–6.

counsels submission to Herod, 2, 88.

spared by Herod, 2, 89.

death of, 2, 90.

Abu-Abdullah Mahomet Alnasir, Almohade caliph, invades Andalusia, 3, 506–7.

decrees Jew badges, 3, 512.

Abu-Afak, poet, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.

Абу Амр Иосиф бен Хасдай. См. Иосиф бен Хасдай.

Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik (1080–1148), philosopher, 3, 314–15.

as a poet, 3, 315.

death of, 3, 361.

Abu-Amran Moses, founder of a Karaite sect, 3, 157–8.

Abu-Amranites, Karaite sectaries, 3, 158.

Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah, Arabic name of Maimonides, 3, 447.

Abu Ayub (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, 3, 312.

Абу Аюб Сулейман Ибн-Яхья. См. Соломон Ибн-Гебироль.

Abu-Bekr, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.

Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 5, 155.

Abu Fadhl Chasdaï (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of Saragossa, 3, 280.

Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.

son of, 3, 361.

Абу Хуссейн Иосиф Ибн-Нагрела. См. Иосиф Ибн-Нагрела.

Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus (Yizchaki, 982–1057), physician and philosopher, 3, 273.

Абу-Иса. См. Обадия Абу-Иса бен Исаак.

Abu Ishak al-Elviri, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of Granada, 3, 278.

Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir, Almohade ruler of Morocco, 3, 385.

Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.

Abu Jafar Almansur, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, 3, 129–30.

Abu-Kariba Assad Toban, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, 3, 62.

convert to Judaism, 3, 63.

end of, 3, 63.

sons of, 3, 64.

Абулафия. См. Авраам бен Самуил; Абулафия, Моисей; Иосиф бен Тодрос; Леви бен Тодрос; Меир бен Тодрос ха-Леви; Самуил бен Меир Аллави; Тодрос бен Иосиф.

Abulafia, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the Inquisition, 4, 313.

burnt at the stake, 4, 317.

Abulafia, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.

tortured, 5, 636–7.

turns Mahometan, 5, 638.

Abulafia family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236; 4, 116.

members of, perish during the Black Death, 4, 113.

Abul-Ala, Arabic poet, 3, 199.

Abul Arab Ibn-Moïsha, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of Maimonides, 3, 456.

accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.

Абул-Баракат Хибат-Аллах бен Малка. См. Натаниэль.

Abulhassan, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, 4, 84.

Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial, physician, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

Абулхассан Иегуда бен Самуил ха-Леви (Ибн-Ал-Леви). См. Иегуда ха-Леви.

Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.

Абулкасим Магомет. См. Аль-Мутамид.

Абулмени Авраам Маймони. См. Авраам Маймони.

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, propagandist for Karaism, 3, 203–5.

as controversialist, 3, 204–5.

Hebrew style of, 3, 204, 206.

Абулвалид Мерван Ибн-Джанах. См. Иона Маринус.

Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, Nagid, invites Jehuda Halevi to Cairo, 3, 340–1.

successor of, 3, 443.

Abumelik, leads a Moorish army against Castile, 4, 84.

killed, 4, 85.

Abunassar Azaria, son of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, flees to Lucena, 3, 279.

death of, 3, 284.

Abu-Sahal Ali (835–853), medical writer, 3, 146.

Абусахал Дунаш бен Тамим. См. Дунаш бен Тамим.

Abu Said ben Chalfon Halevi, friend of Jehuda Halevi, 3, 340.

Абу-Юсуф Хасдай бен Исаак Ибн-Шапрут. См. Хасдай Ибн-Шапрут.

Abu-Yussuff Almansur, Almohade prince, introduces a garb for apostate Jews, 3, 511–12.

Abuzurj-Mihir, inventor of chess, 3, 7.

Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi imprisoned at, 5, 148, 151.

enriched by the Sabbatians, 5, 149.

Academies, the Babylonian, authority of the principals of, 2, 547.

closed under Kobad, 3, 4.

re-opened, 3, 5.

work of, 3, 6.

give religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

principals of, deposed by the Exilarchs, 3, 91.

independent of each other in internal affairs, 3, 96.

organization of, under the caliphs, 3, 96–7.

office of the president of, not hereditary, 3, 96.

meetings of, in Adar and Elul, 3, 97.

income of, 3, 97–8.

prayers for the departed at, 3, 101.

the heads of, excommunicate Anan ben David, 3, 134.

the Karaites on, 3, 134–5.

and the election of the Exilarch, 3, 137.

hold aloof from Islam theology, 3, 148.

respect paid to, in the ninth century, 3, 160.

См. также Пумбедита и Сура.

Академии, вавилонские, список:

Фируз-Шапур,

Махуза,

Нагардея,

Нарес,

Нисибис,

Пумбедита,

Шекан-Зиб,

Силхи,

Сура.

Academies, the Palestinian, origin of, 2, 324.

established by the disciples of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 335.

frequented by Babylonian students, 2, 511, 531.

decline of, 2, 543, 548, 560.

method of, 2, 557–8.

См. Акбара; Бекиин; Кесария; Эммаус; Явне; Лидда; Сепфорис; Тивериада; Школы.

Academy at Jerusalem, founded by the Vegas, 5, 126.

Academy of Sciences at Berlin, prize of, won by Mendelssohn, 5, 303–4.

Mendelssohn proposed as member of, 5, 308.

Acbara, seat of Jannaï’s academy, 2, 470.

Accho (Acco; Acre; Ptolemais; St. Jean d’Acre), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.

surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.

Jonathan Haphus meets Demetrius at, 1, 496.

Jonathan Haphus taken prisoner at, 1, 499.

surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.

Vespasian prepares for his Judæan campaign at, 2, 285.

Talmudists in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Maimonides at, 3, 456.

Nachmani at, 3, 605.

Kabbalist center, 3, 626.

Kabbalists of, burn the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 631.

Maimonides’ tomb at, desecrated, 3, 631.

Maimunists in, 3, 631.

David Maimuni at, 3, 632–3.

the Jews of, blotted out, 3, 650.

Acha of Diphta, proposed as principal of the Sora academy, 2, 627.

Acha ben Jacob, on Chama of Nahardea, 2, 595.

Achaï bar Huna, Amora, compiler of the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 631.

Achaia, Paul establishes Christian communities in, 2, 227.

Achbâr, teacher of the Law among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.

Ахер. См. Элиша бен Абуя.

Achiab, prevents Herod from committing suicide, 2, 116.

Achish, Philistine king, in friendly relations with David, 1, 101–2.

acknowledges David king, 1, 108.

Achitub, grandson of Eli, high priest at Nob, 1, 79.

Achiya, first Exilarch known, 2, 509.

Ахия. См. также Хия.

Achmed I, sultan, Jewish women under, 4, 629, 630.

Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt, treachery of, 4, 395.

avenges himself on the Jews of Cairo, 4, 395–6.

Ахунай. См. Хананья.

Акоста, Уриэль (Габриэль). См. Коста, Уриэль да.

Acra, the, a part of Jerusalem, burnt by Titus, 2, 308.

Acra (Acrapolis; Baris; Birah), the, the Temple citadel, built by Nehemiah, 1, 382, 524.

garrisoned by Scopas, 1, 433.

Greek games taught in, 1, 445.

refuge of the Hellenists, 1, 454.

occupied by Menelaus, 1, 470, 478.

besieged by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 478.

Hellenists leave, 1, 480.

reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

besieged by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

surrenders to Simon Tharsi, 1, 523.

the towers of, taken down, 1, 524.

called Birah, 1, 524–5.

wife and children of Aristobulus II imprisoned in, 2, 58.

called Antonia, 2, 106.

См. Антония.

Acrabatene, the Samaritans of, slaughtered by the Zealots, 2, 243.

Acrabattine, the Idumæans driven out of, by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

invested by Simon bar Giora, 2, 293.

Акраполис. См. Акра.

Акра. См. Акко.

Actian games, the, introduced into Jerusalem, 2, 105.

Actium, the battle of, won by Octavius, 2, 96.

Ada, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 579.

Adalbert, bishop of Prague, and the slave-trade of Jews, 3, 305.

Adam, the book of, Sibylline chronicle, quoted, 2, 462.

Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, the original man, 5, 121, 143.

Adamantius, apostate Jew in Alexandria, 2, 619.

Adams, Hannah, history of the Jews by, 5, 593.

Adarsa, the battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 485.

Adath Jeshurun, the body of advanced Jews in Amsterdam, innovations of, 5, 457.

Aden, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.

Adher-Baijan (Aserbeidsan), Samuel Ibn-Abbas in, 3, 442.

Adher-Baijan, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 430–33.

urged to join David Alrui, 3, 431.

followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.

Adiabene, description of, 2, 216.

the nobles of, conspire against Izates, 2, 217–18.

the people of, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 219.

in alliance with the Zealots, 2, 256.

the royal house of, aids Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

the princes of, the only Judæan insurgents spared by Rome, 2, 311.

conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.

laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.

Adido, Simon Tharsi assembles his forces at, 1, 500.

Adiya, father of the poet Samuel, 3, 68.

Adnan, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61.

Adolph of Nassau, emperor, refuses to surrender Meïr of Rothenburg’s body, 4, 35.

war of, with Albrecht, 4, 35.

death of, 4, 36.

Adonijah, son of David, opposes Absalom, 1, 135.

rebels, 1, 151–4.

supporters of, 1, 152.

royal display of, 1, 152.

Nathan opposed to, 1, 153.

acknowledged king, 1, 153.

pays homage to Solomon, 1, 154.

killed, 1, 160.

Адоним. См. Дунаш бен Лабрат.

Adoniram, superintendent of the building of the first Temple, 1, 163, 172.

accompanies Rehoboam to Shechem, 1, 181.

killed, 1, 182.

Adonis, Baal of the Phœnicians, 1, 54.

statue of, worshiped at Bethlehem, 2, 422.

Adora, Idumæan fortress, demolished by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.

Adoyot, the oldest Mishna compilation, 2, 343, 460.

Adraat, chief town of Batanæa, 3, 77.

Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Adrammelech, son of Sennacherib, murders him, 1, 280.

Adramyttium, treasure-house in, for the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 53.

Adrianople, Karaites move to, 4, 269.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 557.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 154–66.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 158–9, 161.

Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Sabbatians in, 5, 210.

Adrianople, the Jews of, divided into national groups, 4, 478.

consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.

Adullam, David at, 1, 116.

Adultery, ritual for suspected cases of, abolished, 2, 238.

laws against, inviolate, 2, 424.

“Advice to the Representatives of the People,” by Van Swieden, against the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 453–4.

Ælia Capitolina, name of Jerusalem under Hadrian, 2, 421–2.

Элий Адриан. См. Адриан.

Afia, Aaron, scientist in Salonica, 4, 405.

Africa (northern), Karaites influential in, in the tenth century, 3, 207.

Jewish captives transported to, 3, 213.

students from, at the Cordova Talmud school, 3, 228.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.

Talmud authorities of, in the eleventh century, 3, 248–9.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

asylum for persecuted Jews in the fifteenth century, 4, 197–8.

the Sephardic liturgy adopted in, 4, 198.

Portuguese conquests on the coast of, 4, 218.

Marranos flee to, 4, 318.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 352, 358, 361–2, 389–96.

descendants of Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 381.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 389.

emigration of Portuguese Marranos to, forbidden, 4, 508.

Africa (northern), the Jews of, conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.

aid Tarik, 3, 109.

persecuted, 3, 357–60, 451.

Africa, Visigothic, the Jews of, enjoy civil and political equality, 3, 45.

Agada, the, popular exposition of the Prophets and historical writings, 2, 328–9.

of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 329.

used by R. Meïr, 2, 440.

the study of, preferred in Judæa, 2, 540.

cultivated by the brothers of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575–6.

cultivated under Theodosius II, 2, 623.

in the synagogue forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 14.

manifests the spirit of Judaism, 3, 15.

frequent use of, in the synagogues of the East, 3, 16.

cultivated among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.

replaced by neo-Hebraic poetry, 3, 116.

cultivated by Eleazar ben Kalir, 3, 117.

studied by French and Italian Jews in the ninth century, 3, 160.

used by Rashi, 3, 288.

used by the Tossafists, 3, 345.

effect of, on Asiatic Jews, 3, 440.

contains philosophical doctrines according to Maimonides, 3, 479.

reconciled with philosophy by Abraham Maimuni, 3, 495.

rejected by Maimonides, 3, 523, 533.

accepted literally by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527–8.

view of, held by Nachmani, 3, 533, 535, 599–600.

in the Kabbala, 3, 549, 552.

used by Pablo Christiani, 3, 599.

rationalized by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.

used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

authority of, 4, 214.

declared without authority by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

quoted, 4, 242.

reviled by Aaron Margalita, 5, 194.

used by Mannheimer, 5, 581.

Agag, Amalekite king, defeated by Saul, 1, 91–2.

killed, 1, 93.

Agape, the meal of the Nazarenes, 2, 223.

Agen, meeting-place of the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.

Agobard, bishop of Lyons, incites rebellion again Louis the Pious, 3, 164.

refuses to restore a runaway slave to a Lyons Jew, 3, 164.

tries to set Louis the Pious against the Jews, 3, 165–8.

joins the conspiracy against the empress, 3, 168.

successor to, 3, 170.

Agora-nomos, inspector of markets, Abba-Areka appointed as, 2, 512.

choice of, left to the Jews, 2, 616.

Agriculture, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.

occupation of the Jews of Crissa, 3, 424.

Jews restricted to, by Frederick II, 3, 569.

occupation of the immigrants in Palestine, 4, 74.

См. также Недвижимость.

Agrigentum, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Agrippa I (10 B. C. E.–44 C. E.), grandson of Mariamne, distinguished by Caligula, 2, 175.

educated with the son of Tiberius, 2, 175.

appointed to an office in Tiberias, 2, 175.

courtier of the governor of Syria, 2, 175.

supplanted by his brother, 2, 175.

assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 175–6.

kindly treated by Tiberius, 2, 176.

imprisoned, 2, 176.

released, 2, 177.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 177.

accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, 2, 177.

ruler of Galilee and Peræa, 2, 177.

rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, 2, 181–182.

and Caligula’s edict concerning images, 2, 188–9.

king of all Palestine, 2, 190.

coins in honor of, 2, 190, 194.

change in the character of, 2, 191.

popularity of, 2, 191–2.

piety of, 2, 192.

sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.

favors Cæsarea and Sebaste, 2, 194.

plans of, for Judæa, 2, 194–5.

hampered by Vibius Marsus, 2, 195.

allied with Eastern princes, 2, 195–6.

death of, 2, 196.

memory of, insulted, 2, 196–7.

Agrippa II (27–92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of Judæa, 2, 196.

introduces Judæan envoys to Claudius, 2, 198.

prince of Chalcis, 2, 235.

and his sister, 2, 235.

titular king of Judæa, 2, 236.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 245.

given four towns and Tiberias, 2, 245–6.

accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple authorities, 2, 247–8.

bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, 2, 249.

summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

opposed to revolutionary measures, 2, 257–8.

flees from Jerusalem, 2, 258.

sends troops to Jerusalem, 2, 259.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

sends a contingent to the Roman army, 2, 264–5.

Tiberias under, 2, 273.

Varus, representative of, 2, 274–5.

the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, 2, 275.

relation of, to Josephus, 2, 278.

meets Vespasian, 2, 285.

lacks patriotism, 2, 288–9.

pays homage to Galba, 2, 299.

helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.

spectator at the death of Judæans in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.

fall of, 2, 317.

and Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.

alleviates the burdens of the conquered Jews, 2, 332, 333.

Galilee given to, 2, 333.

treatment of, by Titus, 2, 388.

death of, 2, 388.

Agrippina, wife of Claudius, favorable to the Herodians, 2, 245.

Aguilar, Baron de, saves the Jews of Moravia from exorbitant taxes, 5, 252.

intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

Aguilar, de, governor of Palma, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282.

Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’, Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.

Aguilar, the Jews of, destroyed, 4, 125.

Ahab, son of Omri, wife of, 1, 194, 196–7.

ascends the throne of Israel, 1, 196.

character of, 1, 196.

builds an ivory palace, 1, 201–2.

reproved by Elijah, 1, 202–3.

a famine announced to, 1, 203.

summons the priests of Baal to Carmel, 1, 203–4.

stops the persecution of the prophets, 1, 204.

imprisons Michaiah, 1, 205.

ally of Ben-hadad II, 1, 205.

ally of Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.

death of, 1, 206.

destruction of the house of, 1, 211–12.

Ахашверош. См. Ксеркс.

Ahaz, king of Judah, character of, 1, 257.

ally of Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 258.

warned by Isaiah, 1, 258–9.

introduces Assyrian idolatry into Judah, 1, 260–1.

not buried in the royal mausoleum, 1, 267.

Ahaziah, son of Ahab, reign of, over Israel, 1, 206–7.

Ahaziah, son of Joram, king of Judah, killed by Jehu’s followers, 1, 211.

Ahijah, of Shiloh, prophet, at the consecration of the Temple, 1, 167.

rebukes Solomon, 1, 175.

prophesies success to Jeroboam, 1, 175.

prophesies the end of Jeroboam’s line, 1, 188.

Ahikam, father of Gedaliah, 1, 319.

Ahikam, son of Shaphan, saves Jeremiah, 1, 303.

Ahimaaz, messenger from Hushai to David, 1, 143.

Ahinoam, wife of Saul, 1, 95.

Ahishar, Solomon’s major-domo, 1, 172.

Ahithophel, councilor of David, 1, 122–3.

grandfather of Bathsheba, 1, 133.

opposed to Solomon’s succession, 1, 135.

plots with Absalom, 1, 136, 138–43.

with Absalom in Jerusalem, 1, 142.

advice of, rejected by Absalom, 1, 143.

suicide of, 1, 143.

Ahmed, khan of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.

Ahmed Coprili, Turkish grand vizir, orders the arrest of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 146.

imprisons Sabbataï at Abydos, 5, 148.

Ахриман. См. Ангро-Майнью.

Ahunai, teacher of the Law, during Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.

Ahura-Mazda, Persian god of light, influence of the conception of, on Judaism, 1, 402.

Ai, attacked by the Israelites, 1, 33.

Aibu, father of Abba-Areka, 2, 511.

Aibu, son of Abba-Areka, 2, 518.

Aidug, Arab king, defeats Zorah Yussuf, 3, 64.

Ain-tab, the new-moon announced at, 2, 458.

Airvi (Eravi), king of Cranganor, and the Jews of India, 3, 630.

Aix-la-Chapelle, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

the Congress of, the emancipation of the Jews discussed by, 5, 525–7.

Ajubides, the, make Egypt the Islam center, 3, 457.

Akbara, Karaite center, 3, 157.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 429.

Akbarites, the, a Karaite sect, 3, 157.

Akiba ben Joseph, teacher of the Law, suggested as successor to Gamaliel II, 2, 342.

effects the re-instatement of Gamaliel II, 2, 345.

informs Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of his excommunication, 2, 347.

legends concerning the youth of, 2, 350–1.

intellectual development of, 2, 351–2.

system of, 2, 352–3.

arranges the Halachas in groups, 2, 353.

disciples and wife of, 2, 354–5.

in the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 355.

and Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 355–6.

theosophist, 2, 381.

saying of, 2, 381.

opposes Gnostic influences, 2, 382.

disciples of, proselytes, 2, 384.

and Akylas, 2, 385.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.

influences Nerva, 2, 392.

opposes reckless charity, 2, 405.

prepares for the revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408; 5, 724–5.

attracted to Bar-Cochba, 2, 409.

at Lydda, 2, 423.

evades Roman spies, 2, 424.

martyrdom of, 2, 428–9.

disciples of, ordained, 2, 429.

disciples of, return to Judæa, 2, 433.

favorite disciple of, 2, 436.

dialectics of, adopted by Meïr, 2, 438–40.

first compiler of the Mishna, 2, 460.

position of, compared with Rabba bar Nachmani’s, 2, 579.

Акко. См. Акко.

Akra di Coche, a Babylonian fortification, 2, 507.

Акрабаттина. См. Акрабаттина.

Акриш. См. Исаак бен Авраам Акриш.

Akylas (Aquila), convert to Judaism, translates the Scriptures into Greek, 2, 385.

superintends the rebuilding of Jerusalem, 2, 401.

mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.

Akylas, translation of the Scriptures by, literal, 2, 386.

used by Jews and Ebionites, 2, 387.

used by Origen, 2, 489.

Targum Onkelos based on, 2, 581.

recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, 3, 14.

Alabarch (Arabarch, Ethnarch), the, prince of the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 507, 510.

office of, confirmed by Cæsar, 2, 76.

controls the Nile harbor, 2, 102.

dignity of, restored by Claudius, 2, 191.

См. также Александр Лисимах; Этнарх.

Al-ablak, castle of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68, 69.

Aladhid, last Fatimide caliph of Egypt, 3, 443.

Aladil, sultan, receives emigrant rabbis kindly, 3, 506.

Alagon, Blasco de, conspires against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329.

Алами. См. Соломон Алами.