«История евреев. Том 6»

Ашкенази. См. Саул Коэн Ашкенази.

Ашкенази. См. Соломон бен Натан.

Ashkenazi, Jacob, Talmudist and Sabbatian, 5, 150.

Ашкенази, Иаков Эмден. См. Эмден, Иаков.

Ашкенази, Цви. См. Цви Ашкенази.

Ashmodai, a demon introduced from Magianism, 1, 403.

Ashmun, a Canaanite god, 1, 54.

Ashura, name for the Atonement Day among the Arabian Jews, 3, 58.

fast day instituted by Mahomet, 3, 73.

Asia, the Jews of, esteem Mahometans, 3, 88–9.

loses the leadership of Judaism, 3, 207.

Karaites obtain influence in, 3, 207.

low estate of Judaism in, 3, 440.

Messianic hopes in, 4, 497.

См. также Восток; Аббасидский халифат.

Asia Minor, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, 2, 68–9.

women in, converted to Judaism, 2, 215.

Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.

study of the Law in, 2, 358–9.

chief seat of the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

districts of, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405–6.

Asia Minor, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

molested by Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.

Sabbatians, 5, 137.

Asia Minor, the Judæans of, send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.

protected by Cæsar, 2, 76.

have a synagogue at Jerusalem, 2, 201.

make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

Asinaï (Chasinaï), robber chief near Nahardea, 2, 202.

“Asiré ha-Tikwah,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Askaloni, Joseph, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, 4, 628.

Ашкелон. См. Аскалон.

Asma, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, 3, 76.

Асохис. См. Сихин.

Assad, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism, 3, 62–3.

Assassins, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, 3, 648–9.

Собрание, Великое. См. Великое Собрание.

Asser, deputy to the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Asser, Carolus and Moses, members of the Felix Libertate, 5, 452.

zealous in the emancipation struggle, 5, 454.

Assi, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, 2, 531, 537.

investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.

investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.

appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.

meets Huna’s corpse, 2, 548.

disciples of, 2, 560.

Асидеи. См. Хасиды; Хасмонеи; Маккавеи.

Assyria, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, 1, 272–3.

invaded by the Scythians, 1, 287.

power of, declines, 1, 287, 296.

fall of, 1, 303.

Assyrian customs introduced into Judah, 1, 260–1.

characters used for the Scriptures, 1, 395–6.

Assyrians, the, extend their territory, 1, 246.

host of, destroyed at Lachish, 1, 277.

defeat the Medes, 1, 287.

Astarte, worship of, by the Canaanites, 1, 54.

in Samuel’s time, 1, 75.

under Solomon, 1, 175.

under Rehoboam, 1, 189.

under Omri, 1, 195.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

under Hezekiah, 1, 269.

См. также Идолопоклонство.

Asti, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.

Astorga, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Астрономы и математики, еврейские, список:

Авраам бен Хия Альбаргелони,

Авраам бен Меир Ибн-Эзра,

Авраам Закуто,

Бонет де Латес,

Давид Ганс,

Исаак бен Барух Альбалия,

Исаак бен Иосиф Израэли II,

Иаков бен Махир Тиббон,

Иуда бен Моисей Коэн,

Иуда Ибн-Верга,

Леви бен Герсон,

Меир Альгуадес,

Моисей бен Израиль Иссерлес,

Профиат Дуран,

Сахал Раббан,

Самуил Ибн-Аббас,

Симон бен Цемах Дуран,

Весиньо, Иосиф

Заг Ибн-Саид.

Astronomical knowledge, the, of the teachers of the Law, 2, 336, 344–5, 349, 521.

Astronomy, studied in Portugal, 4, 367–8.

studied by Polish Jews, 4, 633.

Аструк Эн-Дуран. См. Абба-Мари бен Моисей.

Astruc Levi, at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 208.

ascribes no authority to the Agada, 4, 214.

refuses to accept baptism, 4, 215.

Astruc Raimuch (Francisco God-flesh, Dios-Carne), apostate, expounds Christian dogmas, 4, 182.

Astruc Sibili, informs against the Palma Jews, 4, 246.

imprisoned and baptized, 4, 247.

Astruc, Aristides, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Astyages, of Media, dethroned by Cyrus, 1, 342.

Asverus, name of Alexander Severus in the Jewish sources, 2, 482.

Атель. См. Волга.

Athaliah, Ahab’s daughter, marriage of, 1, 206.

introduces idolatry into Judah, 1, 209.

upholds Baal worship in Jerusalem, 1, 212, 214.

executes members of the house of David, 1, 213.

six years’ rule of, 1, 215.

murder of, 1, 216.

Athenion, favorite of Ptolemy II, envoy to Jerusalem, 1, 423.

and Joseph, son of Tobiah, 1, 424, 425.

Athenion, general of Cleopatra, sent against Herod, 2, 95.

Athens, gifts sent to, by Judæan kings, 2, 193.

Judæans in, 2, 203.

the Jews of, oppose Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 124.

Athias, editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, 4, 576.

Athias, Isaac, Chacham of Hamburg, 4, 689.

Athronges, a shepherd, assumes the royal title, 2, 125.

war of, with Archelaus, 2, 128.

Atonement, Day of, forbidden to be observed, 2, 572.

among the Arabs, 3, 58.

liturgy of, 3, 113–14.

a second, 4, 626.

Atra, besieged by Trajan, 2, 399.

Attalus, of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, 1, 443.

Атаман. См. Гетман.

Ацбаха. См. Элесбаа.

Aubriot, Hugues, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, 4, 151.

Auerbach, Jacob, fair-preacher in Leipsic, 5, 573.

Heine on, 5, 577.

Auerstädt, defeat of, 5, 495.

“Augenspiegel,” the, Reuchlin’s pamphlet against Pfefferkorn, 4, 446–8.

excitement created by, 4, 448.

adverse opinions of, 4, 450.

charges against, 4, 451.

burning of, ordered, 4, 451–2.

cleared of the charge of heresy, 4, 455.

declared heretical by the University of Paris, 4, 460.

translation of, 4, 460.

Augsburg, the Jews of, saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.

perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

imprisoned, 4, 163.

re-admission of, petitioned for, 4, 127–8.

expelled, 4, 249, 413.

August, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, 5, 114–15.

Augustine, Church Father, hates the Jews, 2, 625.

Augustus (Octavius), member of the second triumvirate, 2, 81.

favors Herod, 2, 86.

wins the battle of Actium, 2, 96.

confirms Herod’s royal dignity, 2, 101–2.

favors the Egyptian Judæans, 2, 102–3.

favors the Roman Judæans, 2, 103.

increases Herod’s territory, 2, 103.

power of, over Herod, 2, 105.

statue of, erected in Cæsarea, 2, 106.

asked to ratify Antipater’s death-sentence, 2, 114.

condemns the execution of Herod’s sons, 2, 116.

executor of Herod’s will, 2, 120.

appealed to by the Herodians, 2, 122.

seizes Herod’s treasures, 2, 123.

makes Judæa an ethnarchy, 2, 126–7.

exiles Archelaus, 2, 128.

instructions of, to the governor of Syria, 2, 129.

death of, 2, 135.

Augustus III, of Poland, and the Frankists, 5, 283.

Auranitis (Hauran, Havvoth Jair), the Gileadites take possession of, 1, 64.

Paul flees to, 2, 226.

given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, 2, 259, 260.

См. также Аравия.

Aurelian, emperor, conquers Zenobia, 2, 530.

Aurum coronarium (crown money), tax imposed on Judæa, 2, 463.

collected by the Patriarchs, 2, 487, 535.

Austrasia, the Jews of, in the sixth century, 3, 40.

Austria, Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute confirmed for, 3, 635.

Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, 4, 111.

John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.

Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263, 420.

Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

at war with Prussia, 5, 251.

willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, 5, 518.

protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 520.

in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.

Jews concerned in the reorganization of, 5, 697.

Jewish association in, 5, 703.

Austria, the Jews of, fill offices, 3, 516, 567.

protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 567–9.

suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.

suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

accused of well poisoning, 4, 110.

suffer during the Hussite agitation, 4, 222–4.

charged with host desecration, 4, 223–4.

banished, 4, 224, 427.

restrictions placed on, 4, 585.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

condition of, improved by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.

letter addressed to, by Wessely, 5, 368.

continued abasement of, 5, 461.

freed from the poll-tax, 5, 464.

new taxes imposed on, 5, 508.

under Francis I, 5, 523.

influence of Mannheimer on, 5, 579.

growing self-respect of, 5, 582.

Austria, Lower, the Jews of, banished, 4, 585.

Austrian Succession, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague, 5, 251–2.

Autobiography of Josephus, 2, 390.

of Uriel da Costa, 5, 64–5.

of Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.

Auto-da-fé, the first, of Marranos, 4, 317.

См. также Марраны; Инквизиция.

Auvergne (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Auxerre, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Averroës (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated, 3, 566–7.

views of, opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.

admired by Narboni, 4, 94.

quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.

system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.

Avesta, the, laws of clean and unclean in, 1, 402.

Avicebrol (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the schoolmen, 3, 271.

Авиценна. См. Ибн-Сина.

Avigedor Kara, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.

Avignon, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state offices, 3, 503–4.

the papacy at, 4, 162.

Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, 4, 177, 659.

David Reubeni in, 4, 499.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 141.

Jews in, during the French Revolution, 5, 436.

Avignon, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

tolerated by the popes, 4, 177.

expelled, 4, 592.

honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.

Avila, de, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, 4, 333.

Avila, the Messiah of, 4, 8–9, 9–10.

religious disputation at, 4, 140–2.

Henry IV deposed at, 4, 278.

law of, 4, 229.

Avila, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Avitus, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, 3, 37.

forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, 3, 38–9.

celebrated in a poem, 3, 39.

Avran, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, 1, 449.

Айллон, Соломон (1667–1728),

Sabbatian, profligacy of, 5, 210.

youth of, 5, 214.

rabbi of London, 5, 214.

rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 215.

on Chacham Zevi, 5, 221.

mistrusted by the Portuguese community, 5, 222.

supports Chayon’s cause, 5, 222–3.

refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.

acquits Chayon of heresy, 5, 224–5.

Brieli writes to, 5, 225.

summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, 5, 226.

abandons Chayon, 5, 231.

Azael, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.

Азария. См. Озия.

Azariah, general of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 476.

Azariah, high priest, contest of, with Uzziah, 1, 245.

Azariah ben Zadok, high priest under Solomon, 1, 167.

Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi (1514–1578), attainments of, 4, 614.

connects the Talmud with other ancient writings, 4, 614.

works by, 4, 615.

as a critic, 4, 615.

declared a heretic, 4, 616.

Azeka, offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.

“Azharoth,” composed by Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, 3, 284.

Aziz, of Emesa, husband of Drusilla, 2, 235.

Азот. См. Ашдод.

Azriel, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, 3, 548; 4, 14.

history of, unknown, 3, 548.

clothes the Kabbala in philosophical language, 3, 549, 556.

Azzel Ibn-Samuel, one of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 81.

Б

Baal, altar to, in Samaria, 1, 197.

priests of, assemble by order of Elijah, 1, 203–4.

Baal, the worship of, among the Canaanites, 1, 54.

by Ammonites and Moabites, 1, 55.

at Ophrah, 1, 62.

in Samuel’s time, 1, 75.

under Omri, 1, 195.

under Athaliah, 1, 212, 214.

removed from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

abolished by Menahem, 1, 244.

См. также Астарта; Идолопоклонство.

Баал ха-Турим. См. Иаков бен Ашери.

Баал-Пеор. См. Пеор.

Baal-Perazim, mount, scene of a Philistine defeat, 1, 116.

Баал-Шем. См. Израиль из Меджибожа.

Baal-Zebub, idol, consulted by Ahaziah, 1, 207.

Baalbek, a Karaite center, 3, 158.

captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.

Baalis, king of Ammon, protects Judæan fugitives, 1, 318.

instigates Gedaliah’s murder, 1, 322.

Баалтис. См. Астарта.

Baasha, of Israel, kills Nadab, 1, 189.

ascends the throne, 1, 190.

allied with the king of Egypt, 1, 190.

at war with Asa, 1, 190–1.

allied with Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

takes Ramah, 1, 191.

death of, 1, 191.

Bab al Abwab, Persian wall against the Chazars, 3, 138.

Baba ben Buta, follower of Shammai, 2, 133.

Babenberg, the princes of, permit Jews to fill state offices, 3, 567.

Babylon, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

description of, 1, 330.

fall of, 1, 349–50.

the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

the Judæans of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

study of the Law in, 2, 358.

Babylonia, the scene of Jewish activity, 2, 503–4, 531, 537; 3, 160; 5, 726.

three meanings of, in Jewish history, 2, 504–5.

resembles the Holy Land, 2, 544.

Jewish public life in, 2, 547.

independent of Judæa, 2, 548.

rise of, 2, 557.

the study of the Law flourishes in, 2, 574–5.

called Irak by the Arabs, 3, 89.

loses intellectual supremacy, 3, 193, 210, 228.

Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, 3, 194.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Babylonia, Jewish, described, 2, 504.

compared with Judæa, 2, 505.

districts of, 2, 505.

towns of, 2, 505–8.

fertility of, 2, 507–8.

scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, 2, 601.

Sora the center of, 2, 607.

constitution of, 3, 93–101.

communal constitution of, 3, 98–100.

power of, 3, 100–1.

mystic doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.

Babylonia, the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393, 397.

favorable position of, 2, 508.

political chief of, 2, 508–11.

needs of, produce a new development of the Law, 2, 511.

resort to the academies of Galilee, 2, 511, 531.

religious ignorance of, 2, 513.

immorality of, 2, 516–17, 579.

establish the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 520.

suffer under Magian supremacy, 2, 524–5.

on friendly terms with the Magi, 2, 525–6.

injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.

luxurious habits of, 2, 588.

oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591–2.

favor Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

persecuted, 2, 626, 627–8; 3, 8.

suffer under Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.

rebel under Mar-Zutra II, 3, 3–4.

independence of, 3, 3–4.

kindly treated by Bahram Tshubin, 3, 8–9.

prosperous under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.

help the Arabs, 3, 89.

form a separate community under the Exilarch, 3, 89.

oppose Moawiyah, 3, 90, 92.

ill-treated by the caliphs of the East, 3, 176–7.

Babylonia, the Judæans of, kindly treated, 1, 329–30, 331.

government and possessions of, 1, 330.

easily learn Aramaic, 1, 330–1.

practice idolatry, 1, 332.

cherish Hebrew literature, 1, 334–6.

joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, 1, 335–6.

mourning of, 1, 337–8.

make proselytes, 1, 338–9.

adopt Chaldæan superstitions, 1, 339–40.

occupations and wealth of, 1, 339–40.

literature produced by, 1, 340–2.

not desirous of returning to Palestine, 1, 340, 341.

beg for permission to return to Palestine, 1, 342–3.

hate Babylon, 1, 343.

persecuted, 1, 343–4.

divided into the worldly and the pious, 1, 349.

interested in the war with Cyrus, 1, 349.

cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, 1, 350.

permitted to return to Palestine, 1, 351.

number of, returning under Cyrus, 1, 352.

sympathy of, with the returning exiles, 1, 354–5.

national enthusiasm of, 1, 363–5.

accompany Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.

send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.

welcome Hyrcanus II, 2, 90.

own large tracts of land, 2, 202.

in Batanæa, 2, 274.

massacred by Varus, 2, 275.

retreat to Gamala, 2, 275.

Bacchides, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, 1, 482.

slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 483.

encamps before Jerusalem, 1, 486.

defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, 1, 487.

reduces the whole country, 1, 491.

leaves Judæa, 1, 492.

makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 493–4.

Bacchus, worshiped in Alexandria, 1, 428.

Bacharach, the Jews of, massacred, 3, 636.

Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, physician, Maimunist, 2, 536, 537.

Bachurim, Talmud students, 4, 640; 5, 567.

Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, moral philosopher, system of, 3, 271–2.

ascetic, 3, 272.

work of, translated, 3, 392, 397.

Badajoz, Henrique Nunes murdered at, 4, 490.

attacked by Spanish Marranos 4, 498.

Baden, the Jews of, the blood-accusation against, 3, 564.

obtain political freedom, 5, 502–3.

persecuted, 5, 530–1.

honor Riesser, 5, 601.

Badis, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.

makes him vizir, 3, 258.

makes him chief of the Granada congregations, 3, 259.

avenges Balkin’s death, 3, 275.

orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, 3, 276.

mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 277.

Baffa, sultana, favorite of, 4, 629.

Bagdad, a scientific center, 3, 146.

the Mutazilist theology taught at, 3, 147.

in the Pumbeditha district, 3, 156.

Saadiah at, 3, 196.

Sabbataï Donnolo at, 3, 213.

birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

Bagdad, the Jews of, prosperous under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.

in the twelfth century, 3, 428.

Talmudical college of, 3, 429, 438.

invited to join David Alrui, 3, 431.

enthusiastic for David Alrui, 3, 432.

Maimunists, 3, 633.

attacked by the Mongols, 3, 649–50.

Багдадский халифат. См. Аббасидский халифат.

Bagoas (Bagoses), Syrian commander, murders Artaxerxes III, 1, 409.

levies a tax on the daily sacrifice, 1, 409–10.

Bahir, a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556, 557.

Bahram Tshubin, Persian general, ascends the throne, 3, 8.

friendly to the Jews, 3, 8–9.

dispossessed by Chosru II, 3, 9.

Bahurim, David passes through, 1, 142.

Bail, defends the Jews, 5, 522.

Bailly, mayor of Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.

Бейрут. См. Бейрут.

Bajazet (Bajasid) II, sultan, censures the expulsion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 356.

receives Spanish exiles kindly, 4, 364, 400.

Jews under, 4, 402.

Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, 5, 201–2.

Balaam, magician, employed against the Israelites, 1, 28.

Balak, king of Moab, hostile to the Israelites, 1, 28.

“Balance, The,” grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

Balanyiar, Jews settle in, 3, 124, 139.

Balch, birthplace of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 198.

Baldwin IV, of Jerusalem, banishes the Jews, 3, 427.

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, induces Richard I to dismiss the Jews from his palace, 3, 410.

and Benedict of York’s baptism, 3, 411.

Balkin (Bologgin), of Granada, abdicates in favor of Badis, 3, 258.

death of, 3, 258, 275.

partisans of, leave Granada, 3, 258.

Joseph Ibn-Nagrela secretary to, 3, 274.

Bamberg, the council of, enforces Jew badges, 4, 255.

the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 529.

Band of Virtue, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.

Bandito, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Baptism, the moral meaning of, taught by John the Baptist, 2, 146.

value of, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.

Baptista, John (Solomon Romano), grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.

Bar, the Jews of, slaughtered by Cossacks, 5, 11.

Barak, judge, leads the Israelites against Jabin, 1, 61.

Barbaro, Mark Antonio, Venetian consul, and Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 605.

Barbary states, the, Marranos emigrate to, 4, 485.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Barbastro, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

the Marranos of, conspire against Arbues, 4, 330.

Barcelona, the disputation at, 3, 598–601.

bishop of, appointed censor of the Talmud, 3, 603.

report of the disputation at, 3, 603–4.

Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.

Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.

the Inquisition established in, 4, 332.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

Barcelona, the Jews of, the leaders of northern Spain, 3, 387–8.

entreat Nachmani to break off the disputation, 3, 600–1.

opposed to the study of science, 4, 29, 33, 40.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 102–3.

persecuted, 4, 171–2.

Bar-Chanina, teacher of Jerome, 2, 623–4.

Bar-Cochba, attacks Akiba, 2, 409.

described as the Messiah, 2, 410.

confidence of, 2, 411.

victories of, 2, 411.

coins of, 2, 411.

hostile to Christians, 2, 412.

restores the Jewish state, 2, 412, 413.

strongholds of, 2, 414–15.

particulars of the revolt of, 2, 415–16.

loses the strongholds of the north, 2, 416.

causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, 2, 418.

end of, unknown, 2, 419.

Barebones Parliament. См. Парламент, короткий.

Bar-Eleaza, son-in-law of Judah I, 2, 455–6.

Barfat Crescas, imprisoned, 4, 150.

Барфат. См. Исаак бен Шешет Барфат; Зарак.

Bari, the four Sora emissaries captured at, 3, 203.

Барис. См. Акра; Антония.

Бар-Каппара. См. Симон бар Каппара.

Bar-Kasha, and Rab, 2, 518.

Бар-Косиба, настоящее имя Бар-Кохбы.

Barlæus, Caspar, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Варнава. См. Иосиф Варнава.

Barnave, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de, historian, 5, 202.

versifier, 5, 204.

Bartholomaion, demon exorcised by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.

Baruch, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.

Baruch of Benevento, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Baruch ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Baruch Ibn-Albalia, birth of the son of, 3, 322.

Baruch, son of Neriah, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the Temple, 1, 304.

taken prisoner by the Chaldæans, 1, 315.

attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, 1, 320.

taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.

rescued, 1, 323.

in Egypt, 1, 324.

in Babylon, 1, 328.

brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, 1, 336.

writes a history of Israel, 1, 336–7.

Letter of, translated, 2, 359.

Baruch Gad, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, 5, 126.

Baruch Yavan, carries the Eibeschütz controversy to Poland, 5, 262–3.

Baruch, Jacob, Börne’s father, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.

Барух, Лёб (Луи). См. Бёрне, Людвиг.

Barzaphernes, Parthian commander, 2, 82.

Barzillai, aids David, 1, 144.

Bashan, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474–5.

Basilius (850–866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, 3, 175–6.

Basilius, Jewish slave-dealer, and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

Basle, the Talmud printed at, 4, 589.

Alsatian Jews escape to, 5, 437.

Basle, the Council of, renews the anti-Jewish measures of previous councils, 4, 245, 248, 251, 264.

excludes Jews from university degrees, 4, 245.

favors baptized Jews, 4, 246.

degrades Eugenius IV, 4, 249, 250.

decree of, concerning Jewish physicians disregarded, 4, 407.

Basle, the Jews of, protected from the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106, 108.

banishment of, demanded, 4, 106–7.

burnt, 4, 107.

Basmath, daughter of Solomon, 1, 177.

Basnage, Jacob (1653–1723), historian of the Jewish dispersion, 5, 195, 593.

on the persecutions of the Jews, 5, 195–6.

consults Jewish historians, 5, 196.

faults of the history by, 5, 196–7.

prejudiced, 5, 197.

importance of the history by, 5, 197.

disciples of, 5, 197.

history of, suggested by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 202.

Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 235.

espouses Luzzatto’s cause, 5, 238, 241.

makes Luzzatto promise not to teach Kabbala, 5, 239.

has Luzzatto’s writings in safekeeping, 5, 239.

permits Luzzatto to publish Kabbalistic works, 5, 239.

Bassora, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.

the Mutazilist theology taught in, 3, 147.

the Gaon of Sora at, 3, 202.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Bassus, Vespasian’s governor of Judæa, 2, 315.

Басула, Моше. См. Моше Басула.

Batanæa, given to Philip by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

under Philip, 2, 137.

given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, 2, 259, 260.

Babylonian Judæans in, 2, 274.

Porphyry a native of, 2, 502.

the Benu-Kainukaa settle in, 3, 77–8.

Batavian Republic, the, the Jews of, emancipation of, 5, 452.

number of, 5, 453, 455.

disabilities of, 5, 453.

writings hostile to, 5, 453.

hold aloof from the National Assembly, 5, 454.

emancipated, 5, 456–7.

appointed to public offices, 5, 458.

protection of, in Germany, 5, 458, 463.

См. также Эмансипация нидерландских евреев; Голландия.

Bath-Kol, heavenly voice, 2, 337, 338.

Bathori, Stephen, election of, as king of Poland, 4, 642.

the Jews prosperous under, 4, 642–3.

Bathsheba, wife of Uriah the Hittite, becomes David’s wife, 1, 132.

sons of, 1, 133.

made first queen, 1, 134.

pleads for Solomon’s succession, 1, 153.

Bathyra, Judæan fortress in Batanæa, 2, 274.

Baudin, suppresses evidence in favor of the Damascus Jews, 5, 637.

Bavaria, John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.

the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.

Bavaria, the Jews of, suffer from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35–6.

suffer from the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

accused of aiding the Hussites, 4, 222.

assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.

expelled, 4, 253–4.

during John of Capistrano’s visit, 4, 258.

taxed for the defense of the Ratisbon Jews, 4, 305.

take refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

accused of child-murder, 4, 545–6.

partial emancipation of, 5, 508.

Bayonne, the kings of Castile and of France meet at, 4, 2.

Bayonne, the Jews of, addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

prosperity of, 5, 436.

emancipated, 5, 442–3.

Bayreuth, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

Beatrice, wife of Juan I of Castile, heir to Portugal, 4, 158.

proposes David Negro as chief rabbi, 4, 161.

Beaucaire (Belcaire), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 400.

Be-Chatim, home of Achaï bar Huna, 2, 631.

Bechinath ha-Dath, work of Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.

Bechinath Olam, by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 49.

Бедареси. См. Авраам; Йедайя Эн-Боне.

Bedr, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koraishites, 3, 76.

Beer of Mizricz (Berish, 1700–1772), founder of new Chassidism, 5, 375, 379.

learning of, 5, 379.

habits of, 5, 379–80.

pilgrimages to, 5, 380, 407.

simulates inspiration, 5, 380–1.

emphasizes the importance of the Sabbath, 5, 381–2.

apostles of, 5, 383.

adopts the Portuguese ritual, 5, 386–7.

death of, 5, 392.

a relative of, supreme Zaddik, 5, 393.

sayings by, 5, 393.

disciples of, 5, 393.

Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 563.

Beersheba, frontier town of ancient Israel, 1, 129.

pilgrimages to, 1, 232.

Behaim, Martin, at João II’s astronomical congress, 4, 367.

Bekashoth ha-Memin, prayer by Yedaya Penini, 4, 43.

Bekiin, center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 348.

Bel, temple of, rebuilt by Alexander the Great, 1, 415.

Bela IV, of Hungary, invites Jewish agents into his country, 3, 613.

introduces Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 613–14.

Belgium, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.

Catholic agitators in, hostile to the Jews, 5, 655.

“Belief of the Universe, The,” by Chayon, 5, 219–20.

Belillos, Jacob, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.

Belisarius, Jewish soldiers fight against, 3, 4.

removes the Temple vessels to Constantinople, 3, 26.

in Italy, 3, 31.

opposed by the Jews of Naples, 3, 32.

Belkis, supposed name of the Queen of Sheba, 1, 173.

“Bellerophon,” satire by Lefrank, 5, 471–2.

Bellieta, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Belmonte, Bienvenida Coen, Jewish poetess, 5, 203.

Belmonte, Jacob Israel, poet, interested in the Amsterdam Marranos, 4, 665.

Belmonte, Manuel, poet, founder of an academy of poetry, 5, 113.

Belmontes, the, millionaires at Amsterdam, 5, 205.

Belvedere, the Nassi palace at Constantinople, 4, 597.

Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.

Бен-Адрет. См. Шломо бен Авраам бен Адрет.

Benaiah, commander of David’s mercenaries, 1, 122.

in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.

opposes Absalom, 1, 141.

acknowledges Solomon king, 1, 153.

kills Adonijah and Joab, 1, 160.

Бен Азай (Азай). См. Шимон бен Азай.

Бен Ашер. См. Моше и Аарон бен Ашер.

Benavente, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Ben-Batiach, Zealot leader, aids Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 323.

Bendama, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

Ben David, Messiah, 2, 144.

Ben-David, Lazarus (1762–1832), philosopher, 5, 405.

admires Kant’s philosophy, 5, 409.

lectures on Kant, 5, 410.

deplores the decay of morality among Jews, 5, 419.

leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, 5, 469.

influences Heine, 5, 546.

member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Bene Amri, the, attack the Hasmonæans, 1, 491.

Bene Bathyra, presidents of the Synhedrion, 2, 90, 358.

resign in favor of Hillel, 2, 99.

Bene-Berak, home of Akiba, 2, 355.

Benedict XII, pope, unable to protect the Jews, 4, 99.

Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), pope, debates with Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.

confers ecclesiastic offices upon Solomon Levi, 4, 184, 190.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 200.

plans the conversion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 206–7.

arranges the disputation at Tortosa, 4, 207.

plans the annihilation of the Talmud, 4, 209.

and Jewish delegates to Tortosa, 4, 210.

pomp displayed by, 4, 210–11.

refuses to release the Jews from the disputation, 4, 211.

presides over the disputation, 4, 212.

threatens the Jewish delegates with death, 4, 213, 239.

issues a bull against the Talmud and the Jews, 4, 215–16.

deposed by the council of Constance, 4, 216, 228.

sets up a papal court at Peñiscola, 4, 217.

originates the sermon for Jews, 4, 655.

Benedict XIV, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 282.

Benedict of York, accepts baptism, 3, 411.

returns to Judaism, 3, 411.

death of, 3, 413.

house of, burnt, 3, 413.

Бней Корах. См. Корах, сыновья.

Бней Микра. См. Караимы.

Benet, Mordecai, leader of the orthodox party, 5, 567, 572.

Benevento, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the Inquisition for Marranos at, 4, 385.

Benfelden, the council at, banishes the Jews of the upper Rhine, 4, 107.

Ben-hadad I, of Damascus, ally of Israel and Judah, 1, 191.

defeats Omri, 1, 195.

Ben-hadad II, of Damascus, besieges Samaria, 1, 205.

defeated by Ahab, 1, 205.

treachery of, 1, 205.

defeats Ahab and Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.

murdered, 1, 210.

Ben-hadad III, of Damascus, defeated, 1, 221–2.

Benisch, Abraham, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” 5, 703.

Benjamin, the tribe of, acquires Gibeon, 1, 38.

holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.

opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, 1, 56.

aids Ehud against the Moabites, 1, 60.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.

aids Saul, 1, 85.

accuses David of destroying the house of Saul, 1, 124.

sides with Absalom, 1, 139–40.

hesitates to recall David, 1, 146.

meets David at the Jordan, 1, 147.

closely united with Judah, 1, 174.

loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 182.

members of, return from the Captivity, 1, 352.

Benjamin of Canterbury, Tossafist, 3, 409.

Benjamin of Fermo, patron of Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.

Benjamin of Tiberias, and Emperor Heraclius, 3, 19, 22.

Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, traveler, 3, 388–9; 4, 127.

Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend (800–820), spreads the Mutazilist philosophy, 3, 150–1.

founder of the Makariyite sect, 3, 151.

Benjamin Assia, physician, scorns the teachers of the Law, 2, 589–90.

Ben-Kafren (Ephraim), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.

Ben Kohelet, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Ben Mishle, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Ben-Naphtali, criticises the Ben Ashers, 3, 207.

Бен-Назар. См. Оденат.

Бен Шалтиэль-Хен. См. Серахья бен Ицхак.

Бен Зома. См. Шимон бен Зома.

Ben Tehillim, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Benu-Aus, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.

conversions among, to Judaism, 3, 61.

hostile to Jewish rule, 3, 67.

the Jews of Yathrib dependent on, 3, 68.

feuds of, 3, 70–1.

Benu-Bachdal, the, Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

Benu-Kainukaa, the, Jewish tribe in northern Arabia, 3, 55.

invited to accept Islam, 3, 74, 76–7.

forced to surrender to Mahomet, 3, 77.

settle in Batanæa, 3, 77–8.

preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

Benu-Kinanah, the, Arab tribe converted to Judaism, 3, 61.

Benu-Kuraiza, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.

make war upon Mahomet, 3, 80.

slaughtered, 3, 81.

Benu-Nadhir, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.

meditate treachery against Mahomet, 3, 78.

forced to emigrate, 3, 78–9.

war with, justified in the Koran, 3, 79.

organize an alliance against Mahomet, 3, 79–80.

rouse the Jews of Chaibar to resist Mahomet, 3, 82.

preserve love of Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

Ben Usiel, champion of the orthodox party, 5, 627.

Benvenida Abrabanela, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character of, 4, 409.

friend of the duchess of Tuscany, 4, 410, 544.

supports David Reubeni, 4, 493.

prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, 4, 543.

Бенвенисте. См. Авраам Бенвенисте Старший; Бенвенисте Ибн-Лаби; Бенвенисте, Хаим; Ицхак; Йосеф бен Эфраим Ибн-Бенвенисте Галеви; Иегуда; Шешет; Видаль бен Бенвенисте Ибн-Лаби.

Benveniste Ibn-Labi, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, 4, 193.

Benveniste, Chayim (1603–1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, 5, 136.

disappointed in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.

Benveniste family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Gracia Mendesia of, 4, 571.

Бен Ясус. См. Абу Ибрагим Ицхак Ибн-Кастар бен Ясус.

Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

Be-Rab, Abba-Areka’s school, 2, 514.

Бераб. См. Яаков Бераб.

Berachoth, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.

Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia, 1230–1270), fabulist, 3, 560.

Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, Messiah, followers of, 5, 211.

soul of, in Jacob Frank, 5, 274.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

Berber princes, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, 4, 198.

Berbers, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, 3, 256.

hostile to the Spanish Arabs, 3, 261, 276, 316.

incensed against the Jews, 3, 275.

slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 278.

Бердаа. См. Дербент.

Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, 2, 235.

Drusilla envious of, 2, 236.

appeals to Gessius Florus, 2, 254.

popularity of, 2, 257.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

captivates Titus, 2, 289, 299.

wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.

influence of, over Titus, 2, 302, 307.

in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.

honored at the court, 2, 317.

fall of, 2, 317.

obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.

consoles her conquered coreligionists, 2, 333.

abandoned by Titus, 2, 388.

Berenice, Herod’s niece, marriage of, 2, 112.

friend of Antonia, 2, 176.

Bergamo, Bernardinus of Feltre in, 4, 296.

Бериш. См. Бер из Межирича.

Berlin, settlement of Jews in, 5, 174.

Chayon at, 5, 218–20.

subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.

the Free School of, 5, 416.

the progressive party in, 5, 418.

Jewish physicians of, a class, 5, 461.

the University of, arbiter between the Jews and the Senate of Frankfort, 5, 520.

Jacobson transplants the Reform movement to, 5, 562–3.

private synagogues in, closed, 5, 563.

appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.

a German Jewish church in, 5, 683.

rabbinical colleges at, 5, 700.

Berlin, the Jews of, threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

under Frederick I, 5, 190.

split into two parties, 5, 219.

culture of, 5, 294–5.

enterprises of, 5, 396–7.

devoted to literary pursuits, 5, 397.

encourage the Meassef, 5, 399.

influenced by Herz, 5, 407.

disseminators of culture, 5, 410–11.

the salons of, 5, 412–13, 422–23.

millionaires, 5, 414.

begin the emancipation struggle, 5, 414–16.

influence of, 5, 416–17.

apostasy among, 5, 420, 587.

procure an order against anti-Jewish pamphlets, 5, 469.

object to Napoleon’s Synhedrion, 5, 494–5.

antipathy to, weakened, 5, 691.

См. также Реформа иудаизма.

“Berlin religion,” the, opposition to, 5, 333.

Bernal, Abraham Nuñes and Marcus da Almeyda, Marranos, martyrs, 5, 92.

Bernaldez, Andreas, pastor, on the Spanish Jewish exiles, 4, 349.

Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot, preaches the second crusade, 3, 349.

preaches the repudiation of Jewish debts, 3, 349.

prevents a persecution of the French Jews, 3, 351, 356.

appealed to, by the archbishop of Mayence, 3, 352.

denounces Rudolph, 3, 353.

influences Rudolph, 3, 353.

Bernard of Sienna, master of John of Capistrano, 4, 257.

Bernard, Isaac, Mendelssohn’s employer, 5, 296, 303.

Bernardinus of Feltre, Franciscan, preaches against the Jews in Italy, 4, 296.

failure of, 4, 296–7.

in Trent, 4, 297.

raises the blood accusation, 4, 298.

Bernardo, Dominican, incites the mob against Marranos, 4, 487.

Bernays, Isaac (1792–1849), opposes the Hamburg reforms, 5, 574.

characteristics of, 5, 574–5, 577.

chief work by, 5, 575.

criticises Mendelssohn and his school, 5, 575.

appointed to the Hamburg rabbinate, 5, 576.

character of the sermons by, 5, 577.

Heine on, 5, 577.

respected by the orthodox, 5, 577–8.

influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.

influence of, on Steinheim, 5, 602.

Ben Usiel disciple of, 5, 627.

forbids the use of the Reform Temple prayer book, 5, 673.

attacked by the Reform Temple Union, 5, 673.

supported by the rabbi of Altona, 5, 674.

Bernays, Jacob, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.

Berne, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, 4, 104–5.

consuls of, spread the charge against the Jews, 4, 105.

Bernhard, treasurer of the Frankish empire, friendly to the Jews, 3, 162.

rebellion against, 3, 166.

Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, 5, 265.

Bernstorff, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.

on the emancipation of the Jews at Aix, 5, 527.

Berr, Berr Isaac (1744–1828), member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

delegate to the National Assembly, 5, 438, 440.

on the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 448–9.

projects a French Bible translation, 5, 449.

son of, 5, 460.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.

opposes Sabbath sessions, 5, 486.

candidate for the presidency, 5, 487.

answers the imperial commissioners, 5, 490.

Berr, Cerf (Herz Medelsheim, 1730–1793), representative of the Alsatian Jews, 5, 351.

character of, 5, 430.

services of, to the Alsatian Jews, 5, 430, 431.

services of, to the government, 5, 430.

draws Jews to Strasburg, 5, 431.

member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

accused of bribing, 5, 447.

culture of the family of, 5, 476.

brother-in-law of, 5, 484.

Berr, Lipmann Cerf, speaks in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.

Berr, Michael (1780–1843), first Jewish attorney in France, addresses the princes of Europe, 5, 460.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.

a state officer in Westphalia, 5, 500.

member of the Westphalian Consistory, 5, 501.

addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

Berthold, bishop of Strasburg, at the council of Benfelden, 4, 107.

Бертиноро. См. Овадья из Бертиноро.

Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.

Bertrand, cardinal-legate, forbids baptized children to return to Judaism, 3, 514.

Берит. См. Бейрут.

Бешт. См. Исраэль из Меджибожа.

Bessarabia, Frankists in, 5, 283.

Bethany, Jesus in, 2, 160.

the Synhedrion removed to, 2, 240.

suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.

Bethar, fortress, 2, 414.

Bar-Cochba retreats to, 2, 416–17.

legends about, 2, 417.

siege of, 2, 417–19.

fall of, 2, 418–19.

Бетарама. См. Бет-Рамата.

Beth-Din, name of the Synhedrion, 2, 325.

Bethel, taken by the Ephraimites, 1, 34.

description of, 1, 45.

Samuel holds assemblies at, 1, 78.

a center of idolatry, 1, 186.

an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.

visited by Elijah, 1, 208.

bull-worship at, 1, 233.

capital of Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

Amos at, 1, 235, 236.

Cuthæans worship at, 1, 285.

purged of idolatry, 1, 294.

priests of, killed, 1, 295.

military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.

Bethhagla, fortress, besieged by Bacchides, 1, 493.

Beth-Haran, balm of Gilead found near, 1, 43.

Beth-horon, battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.

camp of Nicanor at, 1, 485.

Cestius Gallus retreats from, 2, 266–7.

Beth Israel, third Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 680.

Beth Jacob, first Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 667, 671.

poem in honor of, 4, 678–9.

Bethlehem, birthplace of David, 1, 95–6.

camp of the Philistines, 1, 116.

children of, murdered by Herod, 2, 116.

the expected birthplace of the Messiah, 2, 161.

statue of Adonis worshiped at, 2, 422.

nunnery at, 2, 623.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Bethmaon, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, 2, 279.

Bethome, Pharisee fortress, 2, 45.

Беторон. См. Бет-Хорон.

Bethpage, suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.

Beth-Ramatha (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, 2, 125.

re-named Livia, 2, 138.

Bethsaida, Jesus in, 2, 157.

Бетсан (Бетшан). См. Бет-Шеан.

Bethshean (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan dishonored at, 1, 104.

Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.

refuge of Antiochus IX, 2, 10.

recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 11.

Judæans of, massacred, 2, 262–3.

sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.

Bethshearim, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.

Beth-Shemesh, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 224–5.

Бетсур. См. Бет-Цур.

Beth-Waad, religious school in the Sopheric age, 1, 396.

Beth-Zachariah, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus defeated at, 1, 479.

Judæans slain at, by Bacchides, 1, 483.

Beth-Zur (Bethsur), Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 469–70.

stronghold against the Idumæans, 1, 473.

garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, 1, 479.

reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

Hellenists take refuge in, 1, 494.

garrisoned by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.

under Simon Tharsi, 1, 523, 524.

Alexander Jannæus and Cleopatra make a league at, 2, 41.

Beugnot, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation, 5, 480.

helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.

Beyrout, the Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

protected by European consuls, 5, 641.

appeal to European Jews, 5, 651.

Bezalel Masserano, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud copies, 4, 658.

Bezetha, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, 2, 195.

destroyed by Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.

seized by the Romans, 2, 303.

Béziers (Biterræ), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.

Béziers, the council of, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses, 3, 581.

renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, 3, 581–2.

prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.

Béziers, the Jews of, attacked at Eastertide, 3, 173–4, 394.

in the twelfth century, 3, 394–5.

under Count Roger, 3, 395.

suffering of, during the Albigensian crusades, 3, 502–3.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

Библия. См. Закон; Ветхий Завет; Пятикнижие; Писания; Септуагинта; Перевод; Вульгата; а также под названиями отдельных книг.

Библейская экзегеза. См. Экзегеза.

“Bible for Israelites,” by Sachs, 5, 693.

“Biblical Orient, The,” ascribed to Isaac Bernays, 5, 575.

on the symbolism of Judaism, 5, 575–6.

emphasizes the historical mission of the Jews, 5, 576.

Bidkar, follower of Jehu, 1, 211.

Biester, admirer of Mendelssohn, 5, 372.

Bilbeïs, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

Bing, Isaiah Berr (1759–1805), writes a defense of the Jews, 5, 434.

Бира. См. Акра; Антония.

Birath, camp of Bacchides, 1, 486.

Birchath ha-Minim, curse of the Jewish Christians, 2, 379–80.

Biri, religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.

Бирта. См. Битра.

Битерре. См. Безье.

Битер. См. Бейтар.

Bitra, the Jews of, hostile to Julian the Apostate, 2, 601–2.

Black Death, the, ravages of, 4, 100, 133, 135.

Jews charged with having caused, 4, 101–2, 188; 5, 728.

in southern France, 4, 102.

in Spain, 4, 102–3, 112–13.

in Switzerland, 4, 103–5, 106–7.

in Germany, 4, 105, 111, 133.

in Austria, 4, 110.

in Hungary, 4, 111.

in Poland, 4, 111–12.

in Belgium, 4, 112.

in Catalonia, 4, 112–13.

in Castile, 4, 113.

Black Forest, the, the Jews of, molested by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542–3.

Чёрный принц. См. Эдуард, принц Уэльский.

Black Sea, the, Jews settle on the shores of, 3, 123.

serfs on, 5, 2.

Blanche, mother of Louis IX, at the disputation on the Talmud, 3, 576.

refuses to banish the Jews, 3, 585.

Blanche de Bourbon, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 116–17.

party of, 4, 117.

meditates the banishment of the Spanish Jews, 4, 117.

murder of, resolved on, 4, 121–2.

death of, attributed to the Jews, 4, 122.

illegality of the marriage of, 4, 122.

Blandrata, disciple of Servetus, 4, 647.

Bloch, Mattathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133, 137.

Blois, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 378–81.

fast prescribed for, 3, 380–1.

Blood accusation, the, first preferred in Blois in 1171, 3, 378–81.

under Philip Augustus, 3, 402.

in Germany in the twelfth century, 3, 418.

preferred by Innocent III, 3, 499.

against the Baden Jews, 3, 564.

in Germany and France in the thirteenth century, 3, 583–5.

disproved by Innocent IV, 3, 584–5, 635.

in England under Henry III, 3, 591.

believed by Alfonso X, 3, 596.

under Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635–7.

at Mayence, 3, 636.

at Munich, 3, 636–7.

in England, 3, 643.

against the Jews of Austria, 4, 223–4.

in South Germany, 4, 227.

against the Jews of Palma, 4, 246–7.

against the Jews of Silesia, 4, 261–2.

forbidden by Casimir IV of Poland, 4, 264.

against the Jews of Trent, 4, 298–9, 304, 307.

in Ratisbon, 4, 301–2, 304–5.

not believed by Emperor Frederick III, 4, 305.

the Jews of Castile charged with, 4, 343–4.

the Jews of Neuburg charged with, 4, 545.

injustice of, shown by a Lutheran pastor, 4, 545–6.

preferred by Dr. John Eck, 4, 546–7.

preferred by Luther, 4, 550.

denounced by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.

preferred by William Prynne, 5, 45.

Manasseh ben Israel defends the Jews from, 5, 47–9.

the Jews of Metz charged with, 5, 174–5.

Richard Simon disproves, 5, 175–6.

Moses Germanus disproves, 5, 177.

denounced by John Wülfer, 5, 185.

denounced by Wagenseil, 5, 187.

endorsed by Eisenmenger, 5, 187, 188.

preferred by the Frankists, 5, 279.

Jews acquitted of, by Benedict XIV, 5, 282.

Jews acquitted of, by Clement XIII, 5, 285.

Believed by the papal nuncio Serra, 5, 286.

not refuted at Lemberg, 5, 287.

threatened to be brought in Damascus, 5, 633.

the Damascus Jews charged with, 5, 636.

alleged to be proved from the Talmud, 5, 639.

brought against the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 640–1.

a Jülich Jew charged with, 5, 642.

groundlessness of, asserted by apostates, 5, 650.

groundlessness of, asserted by the London rabbis, 5, 654–5.

refuted by Mehmet Ali, 5, 661.

firman securing the Turkish Jews against, 5, 662.

refuted by Zunz, 5, 669.

См. также Убийство детей; Осквернение гостии.

Боабдиль. См. Мулей Абу-Абдалла.

Bodenlaube, castle, Süsskind of Trimberg at, 3, 420.

Bodo, bishop, accepts Judaism, 3, 168–9.

hatred of, towards Christians, 3, 169.

Boëthius, a notability of the sixth century, 3, 31.

Boëthus, a family of high priests, 2, 108, 237.

Boëthusans, a Sadducee sect, 2, 108.

Bohemia, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

a Talmud center, 3, 420–1.

adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.

Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, 4, 111.

Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.

Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208, 228.

Jews excluded from parts of, 5, 523.

rabbis of, oppose the Brunswick conference, 5, 682.

Bohemia, the Jews of, carry on the slave trade, 3, 305.

suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.

determine to emigrate, 3, 307.

plundered, 3, 308.

suffer during the second crusade, 3, 356.

address Solomon ben Adret on religious questions, 3, 620.

suffer during the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 164–6.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.

take refuge in Poland, 4, 420, 631–2.

charged with incendiarism, 4, 544.

exiled, 4, 544.

recalled, 4, 545.

submit religious questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

heavily taxed, 4, 652, 702; 5, 508.

rights of, extended, 4, 707.

suspected of treason, 5, 252.

banished, 5, 252.

modify their synagogue service, 5, 582.

Böhme, Jacob, mystic, disciple of, 5, 24.

Boleslav Pius, confirms Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 4, 111, 263.

Бологгин. См. Балкин.

Bologna, synod at, 4, 218.

Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.

Bologna, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 421.

persecuted by Pius V, 4, 590–1.

flee to Ferrara, 4, 591.

Bomberg, Daniel, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, 4, 468.

a rabbinical Bible, 4, 476.

Bonafides, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 325.

Bonafoux Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28.

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 207.

convert to Islam, 5, 208.

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, French reactionary leader, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 477–9.

maligns the Jews, 5, 478, 485.

in league with Molé, 5, 479.

Бонаструк де Порта. См. Моше бен Нахман.

Bonastruc Desmaëstre, at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 208.

Бонаструк, Ицхак. См. Ицхак Бонаструк.

Бонет. См. Давид Бонет Буэн-Джорно.

Bonet, a Jew of Montpellier, 3, 395.

Bonet de Lates, physician, to Pope Alexander VI, 4, 407–8.

to Leo X, 4, 408.

letter to, from Reuchlin, 4, 453, 454.

espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 454.

Бонфед. См. Шломо бен Реувен Бонфед.

Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, 5, 70.

Boniface VIII, pope, at odds with Philip IV of France, 4, 44.

Boniface IX, pope, forbids the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 173.

Bonnet, Caspar, work of, translated by Lavater, 5, 309.

works of, criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 312–13, 314–15.

disclaims connection with Lavater, 5, 313–14.

Bonosus, governor of the East, subdues the Jews of Antioch, 3, 18.

“Book of Creation, The,” commentary on, 3, 197.

“Book of Riches, The,” work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.

“Book of the Pious, The,” by Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, 3, 408.

Book of the Wars of God, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.

“Book of Wisdom, The,” against paganism, 2, 205–8.

Boppard, the blood accusation in, 3, 418, 637, 639.

Boraïta, an apocryphal Mishna, 2, 470.

Boraïtas, explained by Abba-Areka, 2, 515.

by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

Bordeaux, the Marranos in, 5, 341.

German Jews in, 5, 342.

struggle in, between German and Portuguese Jews, 5, 342–3.

foreign Jews ejected from, 5, 343–4.

Bordeaux, the Jews of, maltreated by crusaders, 3, 570.

perish during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.

addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

number of, 5, 435.

prosperity of, 5, 436.

join the National Guard, 5, 438.

on the Jewish question, 5, 442.

emancipated, 5, 442–3.

not affected by Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.

Борджиа, кардинал. См. Александр VI, папа римский.

Börne, Ludwig (1786–1837), employed in the Frankfort ducal police, 5, 505, 541.

defends the German Jews, 5, 533.

as a Jew, 5, 536.

as a German, 5, 536–7.

apostle of liberty, 5, 537, 538–9.

resemblance of, to Mendelssohn, 5, 538.

despises the Jews of his time, 5, 538, 540.

sobriety of, 5, 538.

life of, in Frankfort, 5, 539.

style of, 5, 539.

feeling of, for Jews, 5, 539–40.

insults offered to, as a Jew, 5, 540–1.

defends the Jews, 5, 541–2.

publishes a journal, 5, 542.

becomes a Christian, 5, 542.

wit of, 5, 542.

on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 542–3.

answers Dr. Holst, 5, 543–4.

compared with Heine, 5, 544.

early home-life of, 5, 545.

debt of the Jews to, 5, 556.

debt of Germany to, 5, 556.

compared with Erter, 5, 615.

Boso, king of Burgundy, and the Jews, 3, 175.

Bosporus, the, Jews settle on, 3, 123.

a Karaite community on, 3, 182.

Bosporus (Kertch), capital of the Crimea, 3, 222.

Bossuet, bishop, applauds Richard Simon’s exegesis, 5, 179.

Bostanaï, Exilarch, restores the office to power, 3, 10.

recognized as chief of the Jews, 3, 89.

marries a daughter of Chosru, 3, 89.

vassal of the Mahometans, 3, 89.

permitted to wear a signet ring, 3, 89–90.

dissensions among the sons of, 3, 91.

descendants of, and the college presidents, 3, 91.

descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, 3, 94.

Sherira a descendant of, 3, 232.

line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

Bostra, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, 2, 495.

Ботарель, Моше. См. Моше Ботарель.

Bourbon dynasty, the, restored to the French throne, 5, 512, 596.

Bourges, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.

“Bow and Buckler,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, 4, 238.

Brabant, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, 4, 225.

Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, and David Gans, 4, 638.

Brancas, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, Jews settle in, 5, 173–4.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of, accused of host-desecration, 4, 439–40.

charged with child murder, 4, 440.

burnt, 4, 440.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

Bray, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, 3, 404.

Brazil, Paul de Pina in, 4, 670.

the Jewish community in, 4, 693–4.

Breidenbach, Wolff (1751–1829), interested in the abolition of the poll-tax, 5, 467, 468, 472.

Bremen, Jews admitted into, 5, 507.

Bremen, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.

banished, 5, 520.

Brendel, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, 5, 528.

Brentano, representative of the romantic school, 5, 515.

Breslau, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, 4, 260–1.

Chayon at, 5, 218.

anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, 5, 470.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

a German-Jewish church in, 5, 682.

a Jewish seminary at, 5, 699, 700.

Breslau, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109–10.

engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.

tortured, 4, 261.

burnt or banished, 4, 262–3.

join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

apostasy among, 5, 420.

Bresselau, Mendel J., Hebrew style of, 5, 398.

establishes a society and a journal, 5, 398, 399.

compiles a liturgy, 5, 564.

scourges the orthodox party, 5, 572.

secretary of the Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.

Bretagne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

“Bridle for the Jews, The,” by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

Brieli, Jehuda Leon (1643–1722), rabbi of Mantua, innovations of, 5, 200.

opponent of the Kabbala, 5, 200.

opposes Chayon, 5, 225.

Bristol, a Jew of, tortured by King John, 3, 505.

Britain, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.

Brody, the Chassidim in, 5, 388.

ban against the Chassidim published in, 5, 392.

Chassidistic writings burned in, 5, 393.

beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.

Broglie, Duc de, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 447.

Bromet, Herz, member of the Felix Libertate, 5, 453.

zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 454.

deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 458.

Broussa, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

the Jews of, and the Pesaro trade, 4, 579.

Brühl, Saxon minister. Jewish agent of, 5, 263.

and Eibeschütz’s supporters, 5, 263.

indifferent about Polish affairs, 5, 282.

Бруна, Исраэль. См. Исраэль Бруна.

Brunetta, a Jewess of Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 297.

charged with the blood accusation, 4, 298.

Brunhilde, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Brünn, the Jews of, banished, 4, 263.

Israel Bruna exiled from, 4, 302.

Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.

Brunswick, rabbinical conference at, 5, 677–8, 681–2.

Brunswick, the duke of, honors Mendelssohn, 5, 308.

commends Mendelssohn’s reply to Lavater, 5, 313.

conversation of, with Mendelssohn, on Christian dogmas, 5, 315.

Brunswick, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 652.

deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.

Brunswick-Lüneburg abolishes the poll-tax, 5, 467.

Bruria (Valeria), wife of Rabbi Meïr, 2, 436.

Brussels, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.

expelled, 4, 662.

Brutus, Roman leader, suicide of, 2, 81.

Buchholz, opposes Jewish emancipation, 5, 468, 472.

Buda, the council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 614–15.

Buda-Pesth, rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

См. также Пешт.

Budnians, anti-Trinitarian sect, 4, 647.

Budny, Simon, translates the Bible into Polish, 4, 647.

Буэн-Джорно. См. Давид Бонет Буэн-Джорно.

Buffon, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Bugia (Buja), refuge for Spanish Jews, 4, 197.

suffering of Spanish exiles in, 4, 361.

Bulan, king of the Chazars, convert to Judaism, 3, 139–40, 327.

Bulgarians, the, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.

vassals to the Chazars, 3, 138.

Bulls, papal, by Benedict XIII, 4, 215–16.

Boniface IX, 4, 173.

Clement IV, 3, 602.

Clement VI, 4, 103, 105, 173.