«История евреев. Том 6»

Clement VII, 4, 507, 515, 516.

Clement VIII, 4, 671.

Eugenius III, 3, 349–51.

Eugenius IV, 4, 229, 250, 251.

Gregory IX, 3, 564.

Gregory X, 3, 635.

Innocent III, 3, 497.

Innocent IV, 3, 584–5; 4, 165.

Julius III, 4, 565.

Martin V, 4, 219–20, 226.

Nicholas V, 4, 253, 254, 256, 287.

Paul III, 4, 516, 522, 526.

Paul IV, 4, 566.

Pius IV, 4, 588, 589.

Pius V, 4, 591.

Sixtus IV, 4, 311, 319, 321, 322.

Sixtus V, 4, 655–6, 658.

against the immigration of Jews in Palestine, 4, 274.

Buol Schauenstein, Count von, protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 530.

Burgos, Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.

disputation at, 4, 140.

coronation of Juan I at, 4, 156.

Burgos, the cortes of, make the Jews responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5.

oppose the employment of Jews, 4, 229.

Burgos, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

taxed heavily, 4, 123, 124.

persecuted, 4, 170.

converted, 4, 205.

Burgundians, the, the empire of, the Jews of, not considered a distinct race, 3, 35.

occupations of, 3, 35–6.

discriminated against, 3, 37.

Burgundy, the Jews of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.

Burnt-offerings, Samuel on the importance of, 1, 74.

Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 324, 325.

Burrus, Nero’s secretary, bribed to oppose the Judæans, 2, 247.

Bury St. Edmunds, the Jews of, butchered, 3, 415.

Busche, Hermann von, partisan of Reuchlin, 4, 456.

Buxtorf, John, senior (1564–1639), renders rabbinical studies accessible to Christians, 5, 21.

Buxtorfs, the, introduce rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

Byk, Jacob Solomon, Hebrew style of, 5, 617.

Byron, quoted, 4, 127.

Byzantine emperors, the, Jews under, 5, 725–6.

Byzantine empire, the, attacked by the Agadists, 3, 16.

in fear of the Chazars, 3, 138.

fall of, 4, 267.

toleration of, 4, 285.

Byzantine empire, the, the Jews of, under Arcadius, 2, 615–16.

forbidden to build synagogues, 2, 617.

treated with hostility, 3, 10.

forced into Christianity, 3, 122–3.

emigrate, 3, 123–4.

in the ninth century, 3, 175–6.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424–8.

not admitted to military offices, 3, 425.

brutal treatment of, 3, 425.

poets among, 3, 426.

C

Кабад. См. Кобад.

Caballeria, Alfonso de, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.

Caballo, Jules, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Cabiri, the seven planets worshiped by the Canaanites, 1, 54.

Cabrera, governor of the castle of Segovia, 4, 283.

Cabul, fortress, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.

Caceres, Simon de, opens a Jewish burial-ground in London, 5, 49.

Cacina, Roman consul, and Titus, 2, 317.

Cadiz, Marranos flee to, 4, 313.

victims of the Inquisition in the archbishopric of, 4, 317.

taken by the English, 4, 665.

Cæsar, Julius, in the first triumvirate, 2, 73.

frees Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

favors Antipater, 2, 75–6.

kindly disposed to the Judæans, 2, 76, 179.

hated by the Judæans of Palestine, 2, 77.

murder of, 2, 79.

remits the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.

Cæsar, Sextus, governor of Syria, honors Herod, 2, 78.

makes Hyrcanus II responsible for the life of Herod, 2, 78.

Кесария (Мазака). См. Мазака.

Cæsarea (Straton), beautified by Herod, 2, 106.

trade and shipping of, 2, 118.

seat of the procurator, 2, 129.

residence of Herod (Philip), 2, 173.

favored by Agrippa I, 2, 194.

destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.

made an academic city, 2, 543.

anti-Christian riot in, 3, 17.

played into the hands of the Arabs, 3, 87.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over Agrippa I’s death, 2, 196.

hate the Judæans, 2, 246–7.

quarrel with the Judæans, 2, 252–3.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Jews of, Greek culture of, 2, 538.

devoted to circus sports, 2, 626.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Judæans of, deprived of civil rights, 2, 247.

exterminated, 2, 262.

perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Cæsarea Philippi, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.

capital of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 158.

Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Cæsars, the, sacrifices offered for, 2, 103.

Cafri, native town of Rabba bar Chana, 2, 454.

Cain, the Choic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Cainites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Cairo (Fostat), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.

Talmud study encouraged in, 3, 208, 210.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 340–1.

two synagogues of, 3, 444.

Karaites of, 3, 444; 4, 71.

Maimonides at, 3, 457–92.

hospital at, 3, 495.

Spanish spoken at, 4, 388.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–96.

Purim of, 4, 396.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.

Cairo, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

maltreated, 4, 396.

establish schools, 5, 664.

reconciled with the Karaites, 5, 664.

Калабрезе. См. Хаим Виталь Калабрезе.

Calabria, the Jews of, subject to curial duties, 2, 616.

invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

Calahorra, Abraham Ibn-Ezra dies at, 3, 374.

Calatayud, the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.

Calatayud, the Jews of, excommunicate anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.

converted, 4, 214.

Calatrava, fortress, taken by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 361.

Calderon, dramatist, 5, 112.

Calderon, the Jewish, 5, 110–11.

Calendar, the, arranged by the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 326.

fixed by astronomical calculations, 2, 336.

fixed by the Patriarchs, 2, 362–3.

corrected by Akiba’s disciples, 2, 433.

arranged by Chananya, 2, 443.

drawn up by Mar-Samuel, 2, 521–2, 574.

the computation of, forbidden, 2, 571.

fixed adopted by Hillel II, 2, 572–4.

method of calculating, 2, 573.

Jewish, adopted by the Arabs, 3, 59–60.

fixed, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 131.

fixed, rejected by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.

key to, by Nachshon ben Zadok, 3, 179.

Karaite, attacked by Saadiah, 3, 190–1.

rules of, collected by Saadiah, 3, 196.

work on, by Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.

Isaac Ibn-Albalia on, 3, 283.

accuracy of, demonstrated, 3, 313.

work on, by Maimonides, 3, 451.

used by the Karaites, 4, 270.

См. также Иббур.

Caligula, emperor, distinguishes Agrippa I, 2, 174–5, 176.

divine honor to the images of, 2, 183–4.

hates the Judæans, 2, 187.

statues of, in the Temple, 2, 188–9.

assassinated, 2, 189.

Judaism defended before, 5, 654.

Восточный халифат. См. Аббасидский халифат.

Calixtus, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376; 4, 275.

Callimandrus, Egyptian general against the Judæans, 2, 11.

Calliopas, charioteer, causes a riot, 3, 11.

“Calumniator, The,” sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, 4, 217.

Calvin, and Michael Scotus, 4, 541.

Cambridge, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 641.

Cambyses, of Persia, death of, 1, 358.

Camith, family of high priests, 2, 237.

Кампантон. См. Ицхак бен Яаков Кампантон.

Campeggio, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll tax of French Jews in Germany, 5, 464.

Campo-Mayor, refuge for Spanish Marranos, 4, 498.

“Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the state?” anti-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 469–70.

Canaan, entry of Israelites into, 1, 1, 32.

description of the coast of, 1, 2–3.

claimed by the Israelites, 1, 4–5.

rapid conquest of, 1, 39–40.

becomes the Holy Land, 1, 41.

not entirely conquered, 1, 50–1.

См. Палестина.

Canaanites, the, description of, 1, 2–4.

subdivisions of, 1, 3.

trade of, 1, 3.

cities of, 1, 3.

at war with Asher and Naphtali, 1, 37.

dwell with the tribe of Judah, 1, 39.

in dread of the Israelites, 1, 40.

heathenism of, 1, 51.

idol worship of, 1, 54.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–8.

suffer under David, 1, 131.

help to build the Temple, 1, 163.

См. Гаваонитяне; Иевусеи; Филистимляне и др.

Кандия. См. Крит.

Canea, the Jews of, importance of, 4, 406.

Canon, the, of the Holy Writings, completed, 2, 344.

См. Писания.

Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, 5, 169.

Cantheras, family of high priests, 2, 237.

Caorsini (Ultramontanes), usury practiced by, 3, 510.

Capernaum (Kephar Nahum), Jesus successful in, 2, 153–7.

the first church at, 2, 565.

Capets, the first, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.

Caphar-Salama, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 484.

Caphtor, the original home of the Philistines, 1, 54.

Капистрано. См. Иоанн Капистранский.

Капнион. См. Рейхлин, Иоганн.

Capo d’Istrias, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

Cappadocia, study of the Law in, 2, 358.

the Jews of, under Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.

“Captives of Hope, The,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Captivity, the, the return from, 1, 351–6.

См. Вавилония, иудеи.

Плен, князья. См. Экзилархат; Экзилархи.

Capua, the Jews of in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.

Carabas, impersonates Agrippa I, 2, 182.

Caracalla, emperor, vices of, 2, 468.

relation of, to the Jews, 2, 468–9.

exacts the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.

Караффа, Пьетро. См. Павел IV, папа римский.

Сарса, Шмуэль. См. Шмуэль Сарса.

Carcassonne, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Cardoso, Abraham Michael (1630–1706), Marrano, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.

occupations and morality of, 5, 164.

figures as a Sabbatian prophet, 5, 164–5.

proclaims himself Sabbataï’s successor, 5, 207.

writings of, 5, 208, 248.

writings of, burned, 5, 220.

Cardoso, (Isaac) Fernando (1615–1680), Marrano physician, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.

occupations and life of, 5, 164.

anti-Sabbatian, 5, 164, 165.

Sachs compared with, 5, 688.

Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689.

Carenton, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.

Carians, the, mercenary troops employed by Athaliah, 1, 214.

in sympathy with Joash, 1, 215–6.

Carinthia, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 427.

Carlovingians, the last, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.

Carlsruhe, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

Carmel, Mount, description of, 1, 44.

considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.

Elijah lives on, 1, 203.

Elisha lives on, 1, 208.

north-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Carmelite district, the, of Paris, commends the Jews, 5, 444.

Carmona, the Marranos of, resist the Inquisition, 4, 313.

conspirators of, burnt, 4, 317.

Carpentras, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Carpentras, the Jews of, not banished by Charles VI, 4, 177.

wealth of, 4, 592.

number of, 5, 436.

honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.

Carrion, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

persecuted, 4, 170.

Carthage, captured by Genseric, 2, 611.

the Temple vessels removed from, 3, 26.

Carvajal, Fernandez (Isaac), a Jew secretly living in London, 5, 38.

opens a Jewish burial ground, 5, 49.

Casalmaggiore, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.

Casimir III, the Great, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 111, 263.

protects the Jews, 4, 111.

Jewish mistress of, 4, 112.

Casimir IV, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 263–5, 419.

under Capistrano’s influence, 4, 265–6.

revokes the privileges of the Jews, 4, 266.

sons of, 4, 419, 631.

statute of, confirmed by Sigismund III, 4, 643.

Caspe, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Caspian Sea, the, Jews settle on the coast of, 3, 123.

island in, refuge of the Chazars, 3, 222.

Cassander, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.

Cassel, meeting place of the Westphalian consistory, 5, 501.

Cassiodorus, minister of Theodoric, 3, 30.

homiletic exposition of the Psalms by, 3, 31.

on the Jews, 3, 31.

Cassius, Avidius, rebel, death of, 2, 463.

Cassius Longinus, Caius, legate of Crassus, retreats before the Parthians, 2, 74.

defeats the Judæan army, 2, 74.

governor of Syria, forces contributions from Judæa, 2, 80.

suicide of, 2, 81.

Cassius Longinus, Caius, governor of Syria, occupies Jerusalem, 2, 197.

Кастель-Бранко, Жуан Родригеш де. См. Аматус Лузитанус.

Castellane, de, deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 439.

Castel-Narbonnais, refuge of the Jews from the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.

Castile, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.

Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

war of, with Morocco, 4, 84.

civil war in, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.

union of, with Portugal, 4, 161.

quarrel about the rabbinate of, 4, 161–2.

forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.

Marranos of, 4, 309. See under Marranos.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

См. также под заголовком Испания.

Castile, the Jews of, under Alfonso VI, 3, 292–3.

under Alfonso Raimundez, 3, 361, 363.

oppose the Almohades, 3, 387.

under Alfonso VIII, 3, 499.

first persecution of, 3, 507.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530, 536, 544.

under Alfonso X, 3, 592–6.

under Ferdinand III, 3, 592.

employed at court, 3, 593–4.

degraded by Alfonso X, 3, 594–6.

fined, 3, 616.

under Sancho, 3, 616–17.

taxed, 3, 617; 4, 125–6.

send deputies to Huete, 3, 617.

number of, 3, 617.

opponents of science, 4, 38.

in the fourteenth century, 4, 51–3.

leaders of the Spanish-Jewish community, 4, 75.

under Alfonso X, 4, 75–6.

guilty of usury, 4, 80.

Gonzalo Martinez conspires against, 4, 84–5.

neglect Jewish science, 4, 86–7, 91.

not held responsible for the Black Death, 4, 113.

under Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113–26.

aid Maria de Padilla, 4, 117.

in the civil war, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.

Pedro’s opponents hostile to, 4, 120–1.

held responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5, 167.

reduced to beggary by the civil war, 4, 137.

under Henry II, 4, 137–8.

hostility to, 4, 138.

degraded by outward signs, 4, 139.

forced into religious debates, 4, 140–2.

possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.

deprived of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.

accusations against, 4, 157.

under Henry III, 4, 193.

under Juan II, 4, 194, 203–4, 205–6, 228–9.

assaulted, 4, 204–5.

bull against, 4, 250–1.

appeal to Juan II, 4, 251.

insecurity of, under Juan II, 4, 252–3.

under Henry IV, 4, 274–6.

low position of, in Henry IV’s statute book, 4, 278.

indispensable as financiers, 4, 279–80.

warned of approaching danger, 4, 336.

protected by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 343–4.

help the Marranos, 4, 344.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

См. также под заголовком Испания.

Castile, New, the Jews of, taxed, 3, 617.

Castro, an English Jew, and the Damascus affair, 5, 653.

Castro, de, a noble Castilian family, 3, 363.

Castro, Abraham de, Selim I’s master of the mint, benevolence of, 4, 393.

informs against the Egyptian viceroy, 4, 395.

Castro, Balthasar (Isaac) Orobio de (1620–1687), Marrano, professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, tortured, 5, 116.

professor of medicine at Toulouse, 5, 117.

associates with Spinoza, 5, 117.

refutes Spinoza’s views, 5, 167.

prominence of, 5, 199–200.

Castro, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah) de, physician, Sabbatian, 5, 140, 150.

Castro, Moses de, antagonist of Jacob Berab, 4, 534–5.

Castro, Rodrigo de (1560–1627), Marrano physician, ability of, 4, 686–7.

owns landed property, 4, 688.

Castro-Tartas, Isaac de, Marrano, martyrdom of, 5, 31–2.

Casuistry, in the Mishna, 2, 475–6.

Catalina of Lancaster, regent for Juan II of Castile, 4, 193.

issues edicts concerning the Jews, 4, 203–4, 205–6, 275.

death of, 4, 217, 228.

Catalonia, part of Aragon, 3, 387.

Catalonia, the Jews of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530.

massacred, 4, 102–3.

provide against the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112–13.

possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.

persecuted in 1391, 4, 172.

converted, 4, 214.

loyal to their faith, 4, 215.

possessions of, sequestrated, 4, 349.

Catechumens, the house of, supported by the Jews, 4, 566.

Catherine, empress of Russia, member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.

at war with Poland, 5, 388.

Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 489.

Catherine de Medici, queen mother in France, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 598.

proposes her son for the Polish throne, 4, 604.

Catholic Church, the, rise of, 2, 500.

Catholic Church, the German, established, 5, 682.

Catholic reaction, the, 4, 650–1.

the Jews suffer under, 4, 652–3.

Catholicism, more hostile to the Jews than Arianism, 3, 26.

overthrown in England, 4, 541.

and the romantic movement, 5, 516.

См. Христианство.

Catholics, the, toleration of, under Valentinian I, 2, 603.

hate Theodoric, 3, 29, 30.

antagonized by the Arian Visigoths, 3, 44–5.

in the Damascus affair, 5, 650–1, 662.

См. Христиане.

Catholics, the Greek, molest the Turkish Jews, 4, 552–3.

Cathunho, Isaac, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Catullus, Roman governor of Cyrene, executes Zealots, 2, 318.

Caucasus, the, Jews settle in, 3, 123.

under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.

Cavilhão, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

Ceba, Ansaldo, priest and poet, tries to convert Sarah Sullam, 5, 69–70.

Cendebæus, Syrian general, invades Judæa, 1, 529.

Ceneda, wagers a pound of his own flesh, 4, 657.

Cenedæus, of Adiabene, relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

Censorship of the press introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.

in Germany, 5, 532.

Censorship of the Talmud under Jayme I of Aragon, 3, 603.

advised by two popes, 4, 658.

abuses of, 4, 659, 660.

См. под заголовком Талмуд.

Census, a, taken by David, 1, 137–8.

of Judæans ordered by Augustus, 2, 129.

arouses terror and dissension, 2, 130.

resisted by the Zealots, 2, 133–4.

in 66, 2, 251.

“Centuries,” by Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 570.

Cervera, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 94, 103.

Cesis, de, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

Ceuta, the Jews of, emigrate, 3, 424.

battle of, 4, 390.

Ceylon, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.

Chabar, teacher of the Law among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

Chaberim, fellows, 2, 364.

Хабиб. См. Аматус Лузитанус.

Чабулон. См. Кабул.

Chaburah, order, 2, 364.

Chacham, officer of the Synhedrion, 2, 360.

office of, ceases, 2, 453.

title of the Amsterdam rabbis, 4, 681.

title of the Hamburg rabbis, 4, 689; 5, 577.

Хахам Цви. См. Цви Ашкенази.

Chacon, Castilian farmer of taxes, 4, 275.

Chadija, wife of Mahomet, 3, 71.

Chages, Jacob (1620–1674), recluse at Jerusalem, 5, 126.

teacher of Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.

threatens Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.

Chages, Moses, denounces Chayon’s work as heretical, 5, 222.

excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.

abused by the Amsterdam Portuguese Jews, 5, 224.

excommunicated and driven from Amsterdam, 5, 226.

in Altona, 5, 231.

opposes Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.

threatens Kabbalistic writers with the ban, 5, 239.

forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.

deprecates leniency towards Eibeschütz, 5, 249–50.

opposes the Eibeschütz Talmud edition, 5, 251.

returns to Palestine, 5, 256.

Chaggai (Haggai), teacher of the Law, attacks Judah II, 2, 485.

a Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.

member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.

Chaibar, Israelites settle in, 3, 54.

the Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Chaibar, the Jews of, descendants of the Rechabites, fortifications held by, 3, 55.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 81–2.

roused against Mahomet, 3, 82–3.

driven away by Omar, 3, 85.

preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Chaifa, burial place of Nachmani and Yechiel of Paris, 3, 608.

“Chain of Tradition, The,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 4, 616.

Chaireas, commander of the fortress Joazer, 1, 474.

Chakan (Chagan), title of the Chazar kings, 3, 138.

Chalafta, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

Халкида, князь. См. Ирод II.

Chaldæan garrison in Judah, 1, 321.

Халдеи. См. Навуходоносор.

Chaldaic translations of Scriptures, 2, 581–2.

Chaldee, taught as a means of conversion, 4, 245.

Chalil, vizir, tries to save Esther Kiera, 4, 630.

Chama of Nahardea (356–377), Amora, 2, 593.

principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 594.

insignificance of, 2, 594–5.

Chama ben Anilaï, a Jew of Sora, 2, 545–6.

Chamath, military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.

Chambéry, supposed center of the well poisoners, 4, 102.

Chamiz, Joseph, physician, and Leo Modena, 5, 67.

Kabbalist, 5, 74.

Champagne, the home of Talmud studies after Rashi, 3, 289.

Talmud college of, 3, 403.

Chanan, prince of the Jews of Taima, 3, 437.

Chanan of Iskia, restores the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 9.

Chananel ben Chushiel, recognized as a Talmud authority, 3, 211, 248.

busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, 3, 249.

consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.

eulogizes Haï Gaon, 3, 253.

Alfassi disciple of, 3, 285.

writings of, the basis of Nathan ben Yechiel’s lexicon, 3, 290.

Chananel Ibn-Askara, Kabbalist, 4, 74.

Chananya, Agadist, 2, 575–6.

Chananya (Achunaï), brother of Anan ben David, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 129.

death of, 3, 137.

Chananya, nephew of Joshua ben Chananya, joins Christianity, 2, 370.

withdrawn from Jewish Christian influences, 2, 443.

establishes a Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, 2, 443.

arranges the calendar, 2, 443.

and Simon II, 2, 443–4.

dissolves his Synhedrion, 2, 444.

Chananya, principal of the Sora academy, 3, 10.

Хананья. См. также Ханина.

Chanceller, Jewish Portuguese official, 4, 159.

Ханилай. См. Анилай.

Chanina, teacher of the Law, 2, 330.

Ханина. См. Мар-Ханина.

Chanina bar Chama, refused permission to teach, 2, 456.

to be appointed teacher by Gamaliel III, 2, 466.

the oldest of the Amoraim, 2, 490.

work of, 2, 490–1.

compared with Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 491.

deserted by his disciples, 2, 491.

veneration for, 2, 491.

characterizes the people of Sepphoris, 2, 491–2.

old age of, 2, 492.

protects Mar-Samuel’s daughter, 2, 528.

disciples of, 2, 531.

Chanina ben Abbahu, at Tiberias, 2, 543.

Chanina (Chananya) ben Teradion, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

refuses obedience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 427.

suffers martyrdom, 2, 429.

wife and daughter of, 2, 429, 436.

Chaninaï, Babylonian Jewish judge, declares Bostanaï’s son legitimate, 3, 91.

Chaninaï, Exilarch, 3, 10.

Chaninaï, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 10.

Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna (765–775), Gaon of Sora, 3, 137.

Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014), attainments of, 3, 229.

rabbi of Cordova, 3, 230.

chief of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 236.

dispute about the position of, 3, 237–8.

deposed and re-instated, 3, 240.

on the death of Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 241.

death of, 3, 241.

Chanukah (Hanukkah), Feast of Lights, instituted, 1, 472–3.

introduced into Egypt, 2, 6–7.

observed by pagans, 2, 384.

abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

Charag, poll-tax of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

Chares, leader of the Zealots in Gamala, 2, 289.

Харизи. См. Иегуда Алхаризи.

Charlemagne, predecessors of, and the Jews, 3, 40.

contributes to the advancement of the Jews, 3, 141, 143.

protects the Jews, 3, 142.

embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

oath imposed by, on Jews testifying against Christians, 3, 144.

Charles IV, emperor, protects the Jews, 4, 106.

gives the Jews of Worms to the town, 4, 108.

at war with Gunther of Schwarzburg, 4, 109.

punishes the murderers of Jews, 4, 109–10.

and the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 110.

asked to permit Jews to return to Augsburg, 4, 127–8.

grants “servi cameræ” to the electors, 4, 128.

deed of, concerning the Jews, 4, 695.

Charles V, emperor, ambassador of, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.

opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 464.

adherents of, 4, 468.

declares Luther an exile, 4, 469.

refuses freedom of belief to Marranos, 4, 484.

empowers the Inquisition to proceed against Lutherans, 4, 485.

Nunes sent to, to learn about the Inquisition, 4, 490.

threatens the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.

treats Rome as a hostile city, 4, 497.

liberates Reubeni from the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 499.

crowned king of Italy, 4, 503.

instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 509, 517, 518.

delivers Molcho and Reubeni to the Mantua Inquisition, 4, 510.

imprisons Reubeni, 4, 511.

hated by Clement VII, 4, 514.

victorious at Tunis, 4, 517.

hostile to Paul III, 4, 526.

banishes the Jews from Naples, 4, 544.

renews the privileges of the Jews, 4, 547.

in debt to the Mendes bank, 4, 572.

orders the Mendes property to be seized, 4, 573.

expels the Jews from the Netherlands, 4, 661–2.

Charles VII, anti-emperor, occupies Prague, 5, 251.

Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 628.

Charles, of Baden, grants the Jews political freedom, 5, 502–3.

Charles I, of England, promotes the cause of liberty, 5, 25.

Charles II, of England, the Jews under, 5, 141.

Charles II, the Bald (843), king of the western Franks, friendly to the Jews, 3, 170, 172.

condition of the Jews under, 3, 170–4.

Charles III, the Simple (899–914), of France, grants the possessions of the Narbonne Jews to the Church, 3, 175.

Charles IV, of France, death of, 4, 77.

Charles V, of France, permits Jews to return, 4, 129.

increases the privileges of the Jews, 4, 131, 133.

prohibits forced attendance of Jews at churches, 4, 132.

death of, 4, 150.

Charles VI, of France, protects the Jews, 4, 152.

and the rights of Jewish creditors, 4, 174.

banishes the Jews, 4, 175–6.

protects the exiles, 4, 176.

Charles VIII, of France, conquers Naples, 4, 360.

alliance against, 4, 373.

Charles IX, of France, and the election of a Polish king, 4, 604.

Charles X, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.

Charles III, of Navarre, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 184.

Charles X, of Sweden, at war with Poland, 5, 15.

Charles XI, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 182.

Charles XII, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 184.

Chasda of Cafri (217–309), a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.

disciple of Rab, 2, 552–3.

good fortune of, 2, 553, 576, 585.

estrangement between, and Huna, 2, 553.

principal of the Sora academy, 2, 553.

death of, 2, 553, 583.

Chasdaï (670–730), Exilarch, 3, 92.

Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher, 4, 145–7.

as Talmudist, 4, 146.

exposes the weakness of Aristotelianism, 4, 146.

disciple of Nissim Gerundi, 4, 146.

character of, 4, 147.

orthodoxy of, 4, 149.

authority of, 4, 149–50, 230.

imprisoned, 4, 150, 155.

appealed to about the French rabbinate, 4, 150, 153.

son of, martyr, 4, 172.

describes the persecution of 1391, 4, 172.

intrigue against, 4, 185.

attacks the Christian dogmas, 4, 187–8.

influences Profiat Duran, 4, 190.

religious philosophy of, 4, 191–3, 240.

creed of, 4, 193.

disciple of, 4, 208, 239.

anti-Christian polemic by, translated, 4, 235.

views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

Chasdaï ben Solomon of Tudela, rabbi, denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, 4, 149.

ambition of, 4, 162.

Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187.

first representative of Judæo-European culture, 3, 188.

protects Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10, 228.

corresponds with Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.

the founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215, 223.

modern character of, 3, 215–16.

attainments of, 3, 216.

as diplomat, 3, 216, 218–19.

homage paid to, 3, 217.

corresponds with Dossa, son of Saadiah, 3, 217.

translates the work of Dioscorides, 3, 218.

grieves over the Jewish dispersion, 3, 219.

communicates with the king of the Chazars, 3, 219–22.

honored by Alhakem, 3, 222.

inspires poets, 3, 223–4.

and Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5, 226–7.

invites Dunash Ibn-Labrat to Cordova, 3, 226.

encourages the study of the Talmud in Spain, 3, 227–8.

favors Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 230.

death of, 3, 230.

unique in Spanish-Jewish history, 3, 313.

Chassidim (Chasidim, Assidæans), the, Nazarites under Simon the Just, 1, 422.

opposed to the Hellenists, 1, 435–6.

piety of, 1, 436, 490.

exponents of the teachings of, 1, 436.

incite the Judæans to steadfastness, 1, 457.

hiding-places of, betrayed, 1, 457–8.

killed in the caves, 1, 458.

follow Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 460.

betrayed by Alcimus, 1, 483.

a distinct party, 1, 489.

compared with the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489–90.

incensed at the destruction of the “Soreg,” 1, 492.

withdraw from public life, 2, 16.

called Essenes, 2, 16. See Essenes, the.

give rise to the Pharisees, 2, 16. See Pharisees, the.

См. также под заголовками Хасмонеи; Маккавеи.

Хасинай. См. Асинай.

Chassidim, the, Polish Sabbatian sect, emigrate, 5, 212.

exhort to penance, 5, 212.

supported by Samuel Oppenheim, 5, 213.

accept Islam and Christianity, 5, 213.

Chassidim, the (new), mock at the Talmudists, 5, 379.

form a brotherhood, 5, 383–5.

introduce innovations, 5, 386.

divide into two branches, 5, 388.

slander Elijah Wilna, 5, 391.

excommunicated, 5, 391–2.

conduct of, under persecution, 5, 392–3.

put themselves under “Rebbes,” 5, 392.

read only Chassidistic works, 5, 393.

second interdict against, 5, 393–4.

writings of, burned, 5, 393.

resist the opening of secular schools, 5, 394.

writings of, forbidden in Galicia, 5, 394.

efforts to suppress, 5, 394.

persecute readers of non-Hebrew books, 5, 608, 611.

attacked by Joseph Perl, 5, 612.

joined by Erter, 5, 613.

Chassidism, the (new), opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 375, 379.

founders of, 5, 375.

character of, 5, 380–1.

the leaders of, 5, 381–3.

circumstances favoring the spread of, 5, 383–6, 387.

opposed by the Mendelssohnians, 5, 394.

prevents the spread of culture among Russian Jews, 5, 473.

revolt from, and culture in Galicia, 5, 611.

Chastelard, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Chateaubriand, on Judaism, 5, 427, 428.

reactionary influence of, 5, 477, 478.

Chatel, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 103–4.

Châtelet, refuge of the Jews of Paris, 4, 151.

Chaumette, instrumental in setting up the religion of Reason, 5, 450.

Chaves, Jacob de, pupil of Luzzatto, 5, 242.

Chaves, Moses de, patron of Luzzatto, 5, 242.

Chaya, daughter of Elias Schor, Frankist, 5, 275.

Chayim of Landshut, appoints three rabbis for Germany, 4, 227.

Chayim of Lublin, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 261, 262.

deprived of his rabbinate, 5, 263.

Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310–1380), rabbi of Pampeluna, proposes innovations, 4, 148–9.

Chayim Ibn-Musa (1390–1460), polemic writer against Christianity, 4, 235–7.

controversy of, with a Christian, 4, 236.

refutes Nicholas de Lyra’s charges, 4, 237.

rules by, for religious controversies, 4, 237.

Хаим Бенвенисте. См. Бенвенисте, Хаим.

Chayim Cohen, disciple of Jacob Tam, 3, 381.

Chayim Malach, leader of a Sabbatian sect, 5, 212.

doctrines of, 5, 213.

joins the Donmäh, 5, 214.

travels of, 5, 214.

Chayim Vital Calabrese (1543–1620), Kabbalist, youth of, 4, 623.

meets Isaac Lurya, 4, 623–4.

spreads reports about Lurya’s gifts, 4, 624.

usurps authority over Lurya’s disciples, 4, 625.

alleged forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 625; 5, 53.

in Palestine and Syria, 5, 52–3.

invites Kabbala enthusiasts to Damascus, 5, 53.

alleges possession of Lurya’s manuscripts, 5, 53.

brother and son of, 5, 53.

writings of, sought, 5, 54.

Messianic speculation in the Kabbala of, 5, 120–1.

adherents of, in Jerusalem, 5, 125.

descendant of, 5, 267.

disfigures Judaism, 5, 559.

Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya (1650–1726), Sabbatian, education of, 5, 215.

character of, 5, 215–16.

doctrines of, 5, 216–17.

excommunicated, 5, 216.

publishes a pamphlet, 5, 217.

preaches Sabbatian doctrines at Prague, 5, 217–18.

submits his work to Naphtali Cohen, 5, 218.

enters into relations with Löbele Prosnitz, 5, 219.

prints his work in Berlin, 5, 219–20.

at Amsterdam, 5, 220.

denounced, 5, 221–2.

work of, denounced, 5, 222.

supported by Ayllon and Pinto, 5, 223.

work of, examined by a Portuguese committee, 5, 223.

excommunicated, 5, 224, 231.

acquitted of heresy, 5, 224–5.

homage paid to, 5, 225.

opposed by Brieli, 5, 225.

calumniates his opponents, 5, 226.

exposed, 5, 227.

disgrace of, 5, 227.

ban removed from, 5, 228.

returns to Europe, 5, 230–1.

death of, 5, 231.

son of, 5, 231.

influences Eibeschütz, 5, 248.

Хайюдж. См. Иегуда Ибн-Дауд.

Хайят. См. Иегуда бен Яаков Хайят.

Chazanuth, synagogue chanting, 3, 118.

Chazaria, the Crimean peninsula, 3, 138.

the Ten Tribes in, 3, 141.

Chazars, the, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.

Jews settle in the capital of, 3, 124.

found a kingdom, 3, 138.

warlike, 3, 138.

conquer the Crimea, 3, 138.

converted to Judaism, 3, 139–40, 327–30.

victorious over the Arabs, 3, 139.

taught the Bible and Talmud, 3, 140.

influences of Judaism on, 2, 141.

judicial system of, 3, 141.

information about, brought to Spain, 3, 219–20.

power of, in the tenth century, 3, 221.

flee before Sviatislav, 3, 222.

Jewish princes of, take refuge in Spain, 3, 254.

the land of, visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Chazraj, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.

conversions among, to Judaism, 3, 61.

hostile to Jewish rule, 3, 67.

Jews of Yathrib, dependent on, 3, 68.

feuds of, 3, 70–1.

Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, society for the promotion of the Hebrew language, 5, 398–9.

Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, mint-master at Cairo, benevolence of, 5, 124–5.

devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 125.

interested in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 125, 127.

the Jerusalem Jews appeal to, 5, 127–8.

Sabbataï Zevi married in the house of, 5, 129.

letter to, from Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.

rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.

encourages the Italian Sabbatians, 5, 160.

Chemnitz, leader hostile to the Jews of Worms, 4, 698.

Chemosh, Ammonite and Moabite god, 1, 55.

worshiped on the Mount of Olives, 1, 175.

Хепец Алкути. См. Алкути.

Херем. См. Отлучение.

Cherethites, the, mercenary troops under David, 1, 122.

in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.

employed against Sheba, 1, 149.

attend Solomon, 1, 153.

Chesheb-Efod, mathematical work by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.

Chess, inventor of, 3, 7.

Chiddush, a novelty in Talmud explanations, 4, 641.

Chiddushim, Talmudic explanations by Nachmani, 3, 532.

Chiddushim, theoretic discussion of the Talmud, 3, 345.

Child-murder, charged against Israel Bruna, 4, 302–5.

Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from, 5, 42.

Child-murder, the charge of against the Jews, of Zurich, 4, 105.

of Spain, 4, 276.

of Sepulveda, 4, 278–9.

of Trent, 4, 298–9.

discredited by the Doge of Venice, 4, 299.

of Frankfort, 4, 299–300.

forbidden in Portugal, 4, 372.

believed by Maximilian I, 4, 414.

of the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 440.

См. также Кровавый навет.

Childebert I, forbids the Jews to appear on the street at Eastertide, 3, 37.

anti-Jewish decrees of, revived, 3, 171.

Chillon, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 103–4.

the castellan of, spreads evidence against the Jews, 4, 108.

Chillukim, hair-splitting Talmudic discussions, 4, 641.

Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces Christianity upon the Jews, 3, 39.

Chindaswinth (642–652), Visigothic king, kindly disposed towards the Jews, 3, 101–2.

Chinon, college of, sold, 4, 48.

the Jews of, martyrs, 4, 57–8.

Chintila (638–642), Visigothic king, forces Jews into Catholicism, 3, 51–2, 101.

Chinuch Nearim, Berlin Free School, curriculum of, 5, 416.

Chios, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

prophets on, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.

Nathan Ghazati on, 5, 160.

Chiskiya, Gaon of Pumbeditha and Exilarch, executed, 3, 254.

sons of (Ibn-Daudi), in Spain, 3, 254, 275.

Chiskiya, prince of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.

Chiskiya ben Chiya, offends Judah ha-Nassi, 2, 457.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

disciple of Judah I, 2, 511.

Chiskiya ben Reuben, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Chivi Albalchi, the first rationalistic Bible critic, 3, 199.

Chiya, a Babylonian buried in Palestine, 2, 548.

Chiya (Achiya) bar Abba, Amora, characterization of, 2, 454, 531.

punished by Judah I, 2, 455.

sons of, 2, 457, 470, 511.

announces the new-moon at Ain-tab, 2, 458.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Mishnic compilation of, authoritative, 2, 471.

intercedes for Abba-Areka, 2, 512.

investigates the Judæan educational institutions, 2, 532.

collects the Patriarch’s tax, 2, 536.

supported by Beth-Silvani, 2, 536.

leaves Judæa, 2, 536.

ignorant of the Bible, 2, 536.

rigor of, 2, 536–7.

appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.

Agadist, 2, 540.

Chiya, son of Abba-Areka, learned in the Law, 2, 518.

Chmielniecki, Bogdan (1595–1657), grievances of, against Jews, 5, 7.

organizes the Haidamak troops, 5, 8.

conditions of peace, proposed by, 5, 12, 14.

Chochmoth, the sciences, studied under Measfim influence, 5, 402–3.

Chocim, Jacob Frank at, 5, 27.

Chodar-Warda, son of Jezdijird III, at war with his brother, 2, 628.

Хоики. См. Гностицизм.

Chorazin, Jesus in, 2, 157.

Choreas, Caligula’s murderer, 2, 189.

Chorin, Aaron, aids the Reform movement, 5, 571.

recalls his approval of the movement, 5, 571.

Chosru (Chosroes) I Nushirvan, of Persia, imposes a poll-tax upon the Jews, 3, 5.

son of, 3, 7.

protects his dominions against the Chazars, 3, 138.

Chosru II (590–628), of Persia, supplanted, 3, 8–9.

protected by Mauritius, 3, 9.

prosperity of the Jews under, 3, 9–10.

at war with the Byzantine empire, 3, 19.

incapacity of, 3, 22.

death of, 3, 22.

Chozari (Chosari), philosophical work by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 327–36, 338.

translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

Chrestus, apostle at Rome, 2, 202, 231.

Христос. См. Мессия.

Christian IV, of Denmark, invites Jews to settle there, 4, 675.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 692; 5, 115.

Christian VII, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

“Christian Denunciation, The,” by Wagenseil, 5, 186.

Christian dogmas, in the Zohar, 4, 23.

debated at Avila, 4, 141.

expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

belief in, threatened, 5, 682.

Christian dogmas, the, criticised, by Abbahu, 2, 539–40.

Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.

Joshua Ibn-Vives, 4, 186–7.

Chasdaï Crescas, 3, 187–8.

Profiat Duran, 4, 189.

Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

См. также под заголовками Диспут; Полемические сочинения против христианства.

Christian names forbidden to Jews, in Spain, 4, 52, 139.

in Prussia, 5, 630.

Christian nurses, Jews forbidden to employ, 3, 294, 400, 508, 582; 4, 566.

Christian servants, Jews forbidden to keep, by the third Lateran Council, 3, 400, 418, 422.

by the Council of Avignon, 3, 504.

by French Church Councils, 3, 508.

by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.

by the Council of Béziers, 3, 581, 582.

by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

by the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.

under Juan II, of Castile, 4, 203, 205.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250, 253.

by Paul IV, 4, 566.

by Pius IV, 4, 588.

Christian servants, Jews keep, under Charles the Bold, 3, 172.

in Speyer, 3, 298.

Christian slaves, not permitted to become Jews, 2, 564, 567, 615; 3, 46, 171–2.

become Jews in Visigothic Spain, 3, 45.

Christian slaves, Jews forbidden to keep, by the Theodosian code, 2, 617; 3, 28–9.

by Gregory I, 3, 33–4.

by Reccared, 3, 46.

by Sisebut, 3, 48.

by the Council of Rouen, 3, 294.

in Hungary, 3, 521.

См. также Работорговля; Рабы.

Christian state, the, founded by Constantius, 2, 568.

Christianity, Essenism with foreign elements, 2, 142.

origin of, in Messianic longings, 2, 142–3.

helped by the exegesis of the Pharisees, 2, 166.

averse to Phariseeism, 2, 171.

power of, over Rome, 2, 174.

indebted to the apostle Paul, 2, 225, 365.

does not appeal to cultivated Greeks, 2, 229.

relation of, to Judaism, according to Paul, 2, 229–30.

schism in, 2, 230, 232, 365.

influences the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.

development of, belongs to Jewish history, 2, 365.

equivalent to the teaching of Paul, 2, 373.

elements of, 2, 373–4.

as viewed by the Gnostics, 2, 377.

influences Judaism, 2, 380–1.

mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.

independent of Judaism, 2, 431.

laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.

admired by Alexander Severus, 2, 481.

becomes the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

new dogmas of, 2, 500–1.

oppresses Judaism and Samaritanism, 2, 535.

proselytizing efforts of, 2, 539.

persecuted by Diocletian, 2, 539.

triumphant, 2, 559, 560.

influence of, on Constantine, 2, 561–2.

completely separated from Judaism, 2, 563–4.

shaped by Constantius, 2, 566.

confined by Julian the Apostate, 2, 596.

and Magianism, 2, 627.

forced upon the Samaritans, 3, 16–17.

tolerant in western Europe, 3, 34.

among the Chazars, 3, 139–40.

barbarous during the Middle Ages, 3, 187.

objections of, to Judaism answered by Saadiah, 3, 198.

contest of, with Islam, 3, 297.

characterized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328–9, 330.

belief of, in the supernatural, 5, 305.

dethronement of, by the French thinkers, 5, 305–6.

Mendelssohn on, 5, 313–14.

characterized by Heine, 5, 552.

См. также Христианские догматы; Христиане; Полемические сочинения против христианства.

Христианство, переход в. См. Вероотступничество; а также под заголовком Обращение.

Christianity, Pauline, hostility of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

produces the Talmud, 3, 127.

Christians, the, regarded as conjurors, 2, 170.

consider the Apocrypha part of the Bible, 2, 359, 489.

accuse Jews of cursing Jesus, 2, 380.

propaganda of, in the pagan world, 2, 383.

tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 385–6.

of Judæa, receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

accounts by, of Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 430–1.

separate themselves from the Jews, 2, 431.

appeal to Marcus Aurelius, 2, 449.

intercourse of, with the heathen interdicted, 2, 476–7.

complain of the indifference of the Jews, 2, 483.

primitive sects of, merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

persecuted by the Magi, 2, 524.

persecuted by Diocletian, 2, 533, 539.

called Galilæans by Julian, 2, 596.

reproached for having forsaken Judaism, 2, 597.

malign Julian, 2, 599.

object to the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 600–1.

well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

oppress Judæa, 2, 611.

refuse to recognize the authority of the Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.

forbidden to trade with Jews, 2, 620.

controversies with, interest the Jews in Scripture studies, 2, 623.

persecuted by Jezdijird III, 2, 627–8.

of Babylonia suffer from Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.

persecuted by Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.

in possession of Palestine, 3, 11.

Jewish witnesses cannot testify against, 3, 12, 102, 520; 4, 250.

of Jerusalem perish at the hands of Persians and Jews, 3, 19.

forbidden to eat at Jewish banquets in Gaul, 3, 36, 37.

forbidden to hold intercourse with Jews, 3, 36, 37, 407, 499, 595, 611; 4, 216, 245, 250, 560, 590.

forbidden to marry Jews in Spain, 3, 44, 46.

ill-treated in Yemen, 3, 64, 65.

Mahomet’s revelation against, 3, 78.

driven out of Najaran, 3, 85.

restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.

Jewish testimony against, accepted, 3, 144.

persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.

Frankish, respect Judaism, 3, 163.

antagonized by Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.

called Mozarabs among the Mahometans, 3, 215.

persecuted by Hakim, 3, 247.

invade Mahometan Spain, 3, 291.

persecuted by Abdulmumen, 3, 359.

permitted to testify against Jews, 3, 422.

deny equal rights to the Marranos, 4, 256–7.

study Hebrew, 4, 471–4.

interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481.

devote themselves to Hebrew literature, 5, 21–2.

interested in the Sabbatian movement, 5, 137, 151.

interested in Judaism and the Jews, 5, 176.

attracted by Jewish literature, 5, 178–9.

Hebraists, attack the Jews, 5, 184.

and the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy, 5, 262.

subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.

См. также Христианство; Эбиониты; Греческие христиане; Иудеохристиане; Иудейские христиане; Назореи; Языкохристиане.

Христиане, ранние. См. Иудеохристиане; Иудейские христиане; Назореи и др.

Christians, the Judaizing, under Receswinth, 3, 104.

under Erwig, 3, 106–7.

forbidden to own real estate, 3, 107–8.

См. также Марраны.

Christians, the Nestorian, help the Arabs in Babylonia, 3, 89.

side with Ali, 3, 90.

Christians, the Syrian, and the science of grammar, 3, 7.

make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.

Christina, of Sweden, student of Hebrew, 5, 21.

Manasseh ben Israel recommended to, 5, 22, 23.

Manoel Texeira’s guest, 5, 140.

intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

Chronicles, the Books of, written by a Levite, 1, 411.

Хризостом. См. Иоанн Златоуст.

Church appurtenances, Jews forbidden to buy, 3, 377.

Church councils, occupied with the Jewish question, 3, 25.

discuss the slave-trade of the Jews, 3, 40.

convened in France by the fugitive popes, 3, 376–7.

Церковные соборы, список:

Альби,

Авиньон (1209),

Бамберг (1451),

Базель (1431–1443),

Безье (1246),

Буда (1279),

Клермон (1095),

Констанц (1414),

Эпаон (517),

Эксетер (1287),

Иллиберис (320),

Латеранский, третий (1179)

Латеранский, четвёртый (1215)

Латеранский, пятый (1512–1517)

Лион (829),

Макон (581),

Мо (845),

Монпелье,

Нарбонна (1227),

Никея (325),

Орлеан (538, 545),

Оксфорд (1222),

Париж (615, 846, 1212),

Рим (1078),

Руан (1231),

Толедо (589, 633, 652?),

Тур (1231),

Трент (1545),

при Хинтиле (638),

при Эрвиге,

при Вамбе,

Ванн (465),

Вена (1267),

Самора (1313).

Church Fathers, the, works of, connected with the Talmud, 4, 614.

“Church of the Mother of God,” synagogue in Constantinople, 3, 26.

Chushiel (950–980), emissary from Sora, settles in Kairuan, 3, 208, 210.

title of, 3, 211.

disciples of, 3, 211.

Chuzpit, interpreter of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357, 429.

Cicero, animosity of, to Judæans, 2, 68–70.

indebted to Greek writers, 2, 179.

Cidellus, Jewish adviser of Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 292.

Cilicia, mercenaries of, hired by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 39.

Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.

the Jews of, punish an apostate, 2, 565.

Cincinnati, rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

Circumcision, observed by Babylonian proselytes, 1, 339.

observed by Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.

whether optional or imperative with proselytes, 2, 384–5.

forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422, 424.

permitted by Antoninus Pius, 2, 433.

of slaves, forbidden, 2, 567, 615; 3, 46.

practiced by the heathen Arabs, 3, 61.

discussed in Frankfort, 5, 676–7.

См. также под заголовком Прозелиты.

“Citizen’s Cry against the Jews, The,” published in Metz, 5, 434.

Citizenship granted to Judæans in Egypt, 1, 418, 503.

granted to Judæans in Antioch, 1, 419.

granted to Judæan athletes, 1, 445.

withdrawn from the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 182.

restored to the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 191.

Judæans of Cæsarea deprived of, 2, 247.

Roman, under Caracalla, 2, 468.

Roman, of the Jews, guarded by Gregory I, 3, 33.

accorded to the Jews of Gaul, 3, 35.

enjoyed by the Jews of Castile, 3, 292–3.

obtained by the Jews of Tudela, 3, 388.

enjoyed by the Jews of Messina, 3, 423.

enjoyed by Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, 4, 443.

См. также Эмансипация евреев.

Civil offices, Honorius III objects to Jews in, 3, 515.

Henry II of Castile refuses to exclude Jews from, 4, 125.

exclusion from, requested in Lisbon, 4, 160.

Civil offices, Jews excluded from, by Theodosius II, 3, 28, 171.

by the Council of Toledo, 3, 46.

by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.

in the Empire of the East, 3, 175, 425.

by the Arabs, 3, 216.

by Gregory VII, 3, 293.

by Innocent III, 3, 400.

by the Council of Avignon, 3, 504.

by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.

in Hungary, 3, 521.

by Frederick II, 3, 567, 569.

by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.

by Alfonso X, 3, 595.

by the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.

by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

by Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635.

by Juan II, 4, 194–5, 203, 228, 229.

by Benedict XIII, 4, 216.

by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

by Henry IV, 4, 278.

См. Магистратские должности.

Civil offices, Jews fill, under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.

in Moslem Spain, after Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 234–5.

under Alfonso VIII of Castile, 3, 384.

in Messina, 3, 423.

in Toulouse, 3, 501, 514.

in Austria, 3, 516–17, 567.

under Alfonso X, 3, 593, 596, 615.

См. Магистратские должности.

Civil war, between the houses of Saul and David, 1, 109–10.

David and Absalom, 1, 138–44.

the Zealots and the Peace Party in Jerusalem, 2, 259–70.

the Zealots and the Moderates in Jerusalem, 2, 295.

the Zealots and the Sicarii, 2, 297–9.

Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 118–26.

“Claims of the Jews to German Citizenship,” by Rühs, 5, 517.

Claudius, emperor, makes Agrippa I king over Palestine, 2, 190.

makes Herod II prætor and prince of Chalcis, 2, 190.

treats the Judæans well, 2, 190–1, 193.

and the fortification of Jerusalem, 2, 195.

and Agrippa II, 2, 196.

makes the governor of Judæa independent of the governor of Syria, 2, 197.

makes Herod II titular king of Judæa, 2, 198.

names Tiberius Julius Alexander governor of Judæa, 2, 198.

expels Judæans from Rome, 2, 202.

makes Agrippa II king of Chalcis, 2, 235.

makes Felix governor of Galilee, 2, 242.

banishes Cumanus, 2, 245.

gives Agrippa II a kingdom, 2, 245.

death of, 2, 245.

Clemens of Alexandria, Father of the Church, critical spirit of, 2, 488.

Clemens, Flavius, proselyte, sons of, proclaimed Cæsars, 2, 387.

and four teachers of the Law, 2, 387, 389, 391.

condemned to death, 2, 389.

and Josephus, 2, 389, 391.

Clement III, pope, resists the return of forced converts to Judaism, 3, 306, 308.

orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 3, 602.

Clement IV, pope, appealed to against Nachmani, 3, 605.

Clement VI, pope, has Gersonides’ astronomical treatise translated, 4, 93.

arrests the Black Death persecutions, 4, 103.

declares the Jews innocent of well poisoning, 4, 105.

forbids the forced baptism of Jews, 4, 173.

Clement VII, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.

grants David Reubeni an audience, 4, 492.

efforts of, for the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.

treats Reubeni with distinction, 4, 492–3.

addressed on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.

permits Marranos to profess Judaism, 4, 500.

intercourse of, with Molcho, 4, 503.

honors Molcho publicly, 4, 505.

opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 505.

saves Molcho from the stake, 4, 507.

establishes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.

sympathizes with the Marranos, 4, 509.

innocent of Molcho’s death, 4, 512.

stays the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 513.

absolves Marranos for leaving the Church, 4, 513–14.

motive of, in protecting the Marranos, 4, 514.

appoints a commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

death of, 4, 515.

briefs of, enforced by Paul IV, 4, 516.

absolves the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.

Clement VIII, pope, grants an amnesty to the Marranos, 4, 528.

expels the Jews from the Papal States, 4, 659.

forbids the reading of the Talmud, 4, 659.

incorporates Ferrara with the Papal States, 4, 660.

absolves Portuguese Marranos, 4, 671.

Clement IX, pope, death of, 5, 171.

Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 285–6.

Clemente, Philip, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.

Cleopatra I, sister of Antiochus IV, wife of Ptolemy V, 1, 450.

Cleopatra II, sister and wife of Ptolemy VI, claimant of the Egyptian throne, 1, 506.

marries Ptolemy VII Physcon, 1, 518.

Cleopatra III, second wife of Ptolemy VII, mother of Ptolemy VIII, espouses the cause of Judæa, 2, 10.

defended by Judæan soldiers, 2, 12.

sends an army against her son, 2, 40–1.

in league with Alexander Jannæus, 2, 41.

Cleopatra VI, friendly to Herod, 2, 86.

favors Aristobulus (III), 2, 92.

summons Herod to answer for Aristobulus’ death, 2, 92–3.

receives the district of Jericho, 2, 93.

unkind to the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 94.

schemes against Herod, 2, 94–5.

death of, 2, 102.

body-guard of, given to Herod, 2, 103.

Cleopatra, wife of Demetrius Nicator, kills her son, 2, 6.

Cleopatra of Jerusalem, wife of Herod, 2, 119.

Clermont, the Jews of, and Bishop Avitus, 3, 38–9.

the council of, resolves upon a crusade, 3, 297.

Clermont-Tonnerre, Count, defends the Jews, 5, 440.

favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

Closener of Strasburg, historian, on the persecution of the Jews, 4, 106.

Clotaire II, Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 40.

Clovis, founder of the Frankish kingdom, 3, 35.

Jews in the army of, 3, 36.

converted, 3, 36.

Coblenz, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 611.

Cochelet, French consul-general, interferes in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.

ordered to stop the Damascus trial, 5, 649.

hinders Montefiore and Crémieux in Egypt, 5, 659, 660.

Кодексы, общие, определяющие статус евреев. См. под заголовками

Альфонсо X Кастильский,

Альфонсо V Португальский,

Генрих IV Кастильский,

Наполеон,

Феодосий,

Вестготские.

Кодексы, еврейские религиозные. См.

Ашер бен Йехиэль,

Мишна,

Мишне Тора,

Мордехай Яфе,

Моше бен Исраэль Иссерлес,

Шулхан Арух,

Турим.

Cœlesyria, Macedonian province, Judæa belongs to, 1, 414.

conquered by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

revolts from Ptolemy II, 1, 423.

Joseph, tax-gatherer of, 1, 425.

Herod governor of, 2, 79.

Коэн, Аарон. См. Аарон Коэн.

Коэн, Хаим. См. Хаим Коэн.

Cohen, Daniel, scientist, 4, 405.

Cohen (Soncino), Gershon, establishes a printing house in Prague, 4, 418.

Коэн, Ицхак. См. Ицхак Коэн Шалал.

Коэн, Иегуда. См. Иегуда бен Шломо Коэн Ибн-Матка.

Коэн, Джонатан. См. Джонатан Коэн.

Коэн, Йосеф бен Йехошуа. См. Йосеф бен Йехошуа Коэн.

Cohen, Joshua Falk, president of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.

Talmudist, 4, 703.

Коэн, Иегуда. См. Иегуда бен Моше Коэн.

Cohen, Malachi, rabbi of Leghorn, espouses the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.

Коэн, Моше. См. Моше Коэн де Тордесильяс; Моше бен Иегуда.

Коэн, Моше Герсон. См. Антон, Чарльз.

Cohen, Naphtali, Kabbalist, patron of Chayon, 5, 217.

approves of Chayon’s work, 5, 218.

refrains from exposing Chayon, 5, 219.

exposes Chayon, 5, 227.

Cohen, Nehemiah, announces the approach of the Messiah, 5, 152.

summoned by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152.

disagrees with Sabbataï, 5, 153.

turns Mahometan, 5, 153.

betrays Sabbataï, 5, 153.

returns to Poland, 5, 154.

Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.

Cohen, Perachyah, physician and scientist, 4, 405.

Коэн, Рафаэль (1722–1803), раввин «трёх общин», выступал против перевода Пятикнижия Мендельсоном, 5, 330, 331, 333.

objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.

retirement of, 5, 566.

son-in-law of, 5, 570.

grandson of, 5, 598.

Cohen, Sabbataï, commemorates the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.

Коэн, Шмуэль. См. Шмуэль Коэн бен Даниэль.

Коэн, Шауль. См. Шауль Коэн Ашкенази; Шауль Аструк Коэн.

Cohen, Shalom, employed by the Hamburg Dayanim, 5, 573.

Коэн, Симха. См. Симха Коэн.

Cohn, Isidore, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Coimbra, the Inquisition at, 4, 508.

Coin, counterfeiting of, denounced by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

clipping of, charged against the English Jews, 3, 642.

Coinage, the right of, enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary, 3, 521.

Coins struck by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525, 528.

by John Hyrcanus, 2, 12.

by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.

by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

by Aristobulus II, 2, 62.

by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.

by Antigonus, 2, 83.

for Agrippa I, 2, 190, 194.

by the Zealots, 2, 268.

in honor of Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 269.

Judæan, under Vespasian, 2, 292.

commemorating Titus’ victory, 2, 314.

by Nerva, 2, 392.

by Hadrian, 2, 407, 419.

by Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

Collectants, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.

Colleges, established in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.

Colleges, Rabbinical, at Metz, 5, 597–8, 700.

at Padua, 5, 624, 700.

at Breslau, 5, 699–700.

at various places, 5, 700.

Colleges, Talmudical, at Narbonne, 3, 143, 242, 392.

in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.

at Cordova, 3, 209, 228.

in Egypt and the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 210.

at Kairuan, 3, 210–11, 248.

in Spain, 3, 236.

at Mayence, 3, 243, 247.

at Lucena, 3, 322.

at Toledo, 3, 338, 362.

in Spain, closed, 3, 361, 384.

at Dampierre, 3, 403.

at London, 3, 409.

at Bagdad, 3, 429, 633.

in France, closed, 4, 48.

at Paris, 4, 133.

at Alcala, 4, 145.

at Padua, 4, 410.

in Poland, 4, 420, 634, 639.

at Cremona, 4, 582.

at Prague, 5, 249.

the decay of, 5, 566–7, 569.

См. также под заголовками Академии; Школы.

Collegium Germanicum, propagandist seminary, 4, 654.

Collier, Thomas, refutes anti-Jewish charges, 5, 46.

“Colloquium Middelburgense,” controversial work, 4, 691.

Colmar, the Jews of, banished, 4, 416.

Cologna, Abraham Vita di (1755–1832), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488, 490.

second vice-president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

conservative, 5, 559.

Cologne, fair of, visited by Jews, 3, 243.

university of, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.

Кёльн, доминиканцы. См. Доминиканцы, кёльнские.

Cologne, the Jews of, privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.

settlement of, 3, 41.

protected during the first crusade, 3, 304.

massacred at Neus, 3, 304–5.

persecuted during the second crusade, 3, 352.

represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.