«История евреев. Том 6»

Silesian Jews forbidden to own, 4, 260.

owned by Jews in Poland, 4, 419.

Jews forbidden to own in Hamburg, 4, 688.

Jews forbidden by Paul IV to own, 4, 566–7.

Reason, the religion of, established in France, 5, 450–1.

and the Jews, 5, 451–2.

Rebbe, leader of a Chassidistic group, 5, 392, 393.

subordinate to the Zaddik, 5, 393.

Recanate, the Jews of, annoyed by apostates, 4, 581.

Reccared, Visigothic king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 34, 46–7.

commended by Pope Gregory I, 3, 46.

laws of, fall into desuetude, 3, 47.

Receiver-general of taxes for the Jews of France, 4, 130, 132.

См. также Откупщики налогов.

Receswinth, Visigothic king, forces Christianity upon the Jews, 3, 102–4.

forbids Christians to befriend Jews, 3, 104.

Recha, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.

Rechabites, the, Nazarites, 1, 200.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 55.

Recife, Jews settle in, 4, 693.

siege of, 4, 694.

Red Sea, the, passage of the Israelites through, 1, 18–19.

Redemption, the dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.

Redingge, Robert de, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 3, 640–1.

“Reflections,” by Isaac Pinto, 5, 344–5.

Reform Association, the, of Berlin, founded by Stern, 5, 683.

programme of, 5, 683.

and the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 683–4.

partially condemned by the conference, 5, 685–6.

forms itself into a congregation, 5, 686.

innovations of, 5, 686–7.

antagonized by Michael Sachs, 5, 687.

Reform of Judaism, the, difficulties in the way of, 5, 559–60.

begins in Germany, 5, 560.

objections to, by the orthodox, 5, 561, 571.

undertaken by Jacobson, 5, 561–2.

protests against, 5, 562.

encouraged in Berlin, 5, 563.

interfered with by Frederick William III, 5, 563.

Hamburg made the center of, 5, 563–5.

in Leipsic, 5, 573.

in various places, 5, 573.

in Vienna, 5, 580.

advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.

Geiger devoted to, 5, 626.

opposition to, 5, 627.

forced upon German Jews, 5, 628.

attitude of the school of, 5, 629–30.

progress of, in Hamburg, 5, 672–4.

causes a rupture among German Jews, 5, 674.

in Frankfort, 5, 674–7.

discussed at rabbinical conferences, 5, 677.

in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.

in Breslau, 5, 682–3.

in Berlin, 5, 682–3, 686–7.

Frankel’s attitude towards, 5, 684–5.

attitude of Sachs to, 5, 689.

in the United States, 5, 702.

Reform of Judaism, the moderate, Bernays exponent of, 5, 574–8.

Mannheimer exponent of, 5, 578–82.

in Germany, France, and Italy, 5, 582.

Reform party, the, in Judaism, beginning of, 5, 563.

leaders of, 5, 568.

cause of, advanced by Jacobson and Libermann, 5, 568–9.

joined by Aaron Chorin, 5, 569.

Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, origin of, 5, 564.

principles of, 5, 565.

achievements of, 5, 565.

produces a split in Judaism, 5, 565–6.

aided by Jacobson, 5, 568.

liturgy of, approved by some authorities, 5, 569.

action of the Hamburg Dayanim against, 5, 570.

supported by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570.

innovations of, declared heterodox, 5, 571.

branches of, 5, 573.

members of, belong to the Society for Culture, 5, 584.

precipitates a quarrel, 5, 672.

compiles a new prayer book, 5, 672–3.

charges of, against Bernays, 5, 673.

Reformation, the Protestant, in Germany, 4, 422.

affected by the Talmud, 4, 423.

affected by the study of Hebrew, 4, 434.

beginnings of, 4, 467.

pantomime on, 4, 468.

spread of, 4, 469.

effect of, on the Jews, 4, 470–1.

effect of, on Judaism, 4, 471.

results of, 4, 540–3.

influence of, in Poland, 4, 633.

in Poland and Lithuania, 4, 646–7.

effect of, on the Jews of Poland, 4, 647–8.

Reggio, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.

Reggio, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Isaac (II) Abrabanel, physician at, 4, 385.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.

Mordecai of Eisenstadt in, 5, 209.

Regnault, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.

Rehoboam, son of Solomon, 1, 177.

undisputed succession of, 1, 179.

lacks ability, 1, 179–80.

and the rebellious Shechemites, 1, 180–1.

flees from Shechem, 1, 182.

makes a treaty with the king of Damascus, 1, 183.

fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 184.

defeated by Shishak, 1, 184–5.

indifference of, 1, 188.

permits Astarte worship, 1, 188–9.

end of the reign of, 1, 189.

Reign of Terror, the, suffering of the Jews under, 5, 450.

end of, 5, 452.

Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 5, 320.

collects subscriptions for Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.

brother-in-law of, 5, 333.

Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, predecessor of, 5, 179.

rejects revealed religion, 5, 319–20.

work by, published by Lessing, 5, 320–3.

Reïs, Arabic word for Nagid, 3, 443.

Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.

Релиз, год. См. Субботний год.

Relics, the miracle working power of, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.

Religious offices, not to be accepted from Christians, 3, 518.

“Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” by Sachs, 5, 693–4.

Rembrandt, supplies engravings for a work by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.

Remonstrants, the, a religious party in Holland, 4, 673.

complain of the Jews, 4, 673, 674.

Renaissance, the, of the Jewish race, 5, 291–2.

Renaissance of Judaism, the, consequences of, 5, 374–5.

description of, 5, 589–90, 591–2.

shaped by Poland, 5, 607.

Rephaim, the original inhabitants of Canaan, 1, 2.

Rephidim, station of the Israelites on their journey through the desert, 1, 21.

Ресеттлмент (переселение) евреев в Англию. См. под заголовком Англия.

Реш-Галута. См. Эксиларх.

Resh-Kalla, title of the professors in Babylonia, 2, 547.

title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210.

title given to Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

Реш-Лакиш. См. Шимон бен Лакиш.

Resh-Metibta, director of the school sessions in Babylonia, 2, 547.

Resh-Sidra, principal of a school, 2, 512.

“Restorers of the Law,” Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbaï, 2, 49.

Resurrection of the dead, the, a foreign element in the divine service, 1, 401, 405–6.

and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.

bodily, denied by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.

as taught by Maimonides and his disciples, 3, 475–6, 487–8.

treatise on, by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 476.

treatise on, by Maimonides, 3, 488.

Retribution, the doctrine of, among the Pharisees, 2, 18.

among the Sadducees, 2, 21.

according to the Mishna, 2, 472–3.

in the Kabbala, 3, 555.

Return from the Captivity, the, 1, 351–6.

“Return of the Jewish Warrior, The,” painting by Oppenheim, 5, 601.

“Return of the Jews, The,” by Isaac La Peyrère, 5, 25.

Reubell, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 448.

Reuben, the tribe of, asks for land east of the Jordan, 1, 29–30.

harassed by the Moabites, 1, 125.

district of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.

Реубени, Давид. См. Давид Реубени.

Reuchlin, John (Capnion, 1455–1522), suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 431–2.

rôle of, in the Protestant Reformation, 4, 432.

as a humanist, 4, 432.

studies Hebrew, 4, 433.

writes a panegyric on the Hebrew language, 4, 433–4.

taught by Obadiah di Sforno, 4, 434, 473.

compiles a Hebrew grammar, 4, 434.

disciples of, 4, 434.

prejudice of, against Jews, 4, 435.

charges the Jews with blasphemy, 4, 435.

honors conferred upon, 4, 435.

discredited with the Dominicans, 4, 435–6.

invited to join Pfefferkorn, 4, 436.

appointed to direct the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

issues an opinion favorable to Jewish literature, 4, 441–3.

advises the teaching of Hebrew at German universities, 4, 443.

declares the Jews entitled to the privileges of the Holy Roman empire, 4, 443.

defends the Jews from the charge of heresy, 4, 443–4.

opinion of, on Jewish literature opened by Pfefferkorn, 4, 445.

complains to Maximilian I of Pfefferkorn, 4, 446.

публикует «Augenspiegel», 4, 446–8.

charged with having been bribed to defend the Talmud, 4, 447.

summoned to answer the charge of heresy, 4, 450.

charges against, 4, 450–1.

appears in Mayence, 4, 451.

execution of the judgment against, delayed, 4, 452.

appeals to Leo X, 4, 453, 454.

examination of, ordered by Leo X, 4, 454.

appears in Speyer, 4, 454.

exonerated, 4, 455.

enemies of, 4, 456.

adherents of, 4, 456–7.

excused from appearing at Rome, 4, 458.

Maximilian I intercedes for, 4, 458–9.

cause of, in Paris, 4, 459–60.

supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.

cause of, submitted to the fifth Lateran Council, 4, 464.

cause of, favorably decided, 4, 465.

on the Kabbala, 4, 466–7, 481, 583.

in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.

publishes a work on Hebrew accents, 4, 471.

encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.

cause of, espoused by Lorenzo Pucci, 4, 503.

introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

Reuchlinists, the, composed of Young Germany, 4, 456–7.

motto of, 4, 457.

friends of the Jews, 4, 457.

conspire against Hoogstraten, 4, 465.

Reuel, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 14.

Revelation, the belief in, shaken in the time of Saadiah, 3, 198.

the belief in, 5, 715–16.

“Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue,” by Steinheim, 5, 604–6.

Революция. См. Февральская революция; Французская революция; Июльская революция.

Rezin, becomes king of Damascus, 1, 177.

allies himself with the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 248.

ally of Pekah against Judah, 1, 258.

slain, 1, 259.

Rhabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, dedicates his works to the empress Judith, 3, 162.

indebtedness of, to Jews, 3, 163.

Rheims, rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377.

rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

study of Hebrew at the university of, 4, 474.

Rheingau, the, the Jews of, molested, 4, 543.

Rhenish Confederation, the, Prince Primate of, 5, 504.

dissolution of, 5, 505.

Rhine district, the, the Jews of, origin of, 3, 40–1.

during the first crusade, 3, 300, 305.

devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 345.

during the second crusade, 3, 352.

protected by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.

observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380.

emigrate, 3, 638.

assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

Рейнская область, Нижняя. См. Эльзас; Лотарингия.

Rhine district, the Upper, the Jews of, banished, 4, 107.

propose a distinction for Crémieux, 5, 670.

Rhineland, the, the Jews of, during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.

urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.

present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Rhinokolura, the river of Egypt, boundary of Israel under David, 1, 129.

south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Rhodes, Herod presents himself before Octavius at, 2, 101.

criminal colony of Turkey, 4, 599.

prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.

Rhodes, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the blood accusation brought against, 5, 640–1.

tortured, 5, 640, 641.

revision of the trial of, 5, 647.

acquitted, 5, 647.

Rhodez, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 373, 374.

Rhodosto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Rhyme, introduced into neo-Hebraic poetry under Arab influences, 3, 116.

Rhynsburg, Spinoza at, 5, 95.

Rhynsburgians, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.

Ри. См. Исаак бен Самуил.

Риба. См. Исаак бен Ашер ха-Леви.

Рибан. См. Иегуда бен Натан.

Рибаш. См. Исаак бен Шешет Барфат.

Riblah, Necho at, 1, 299.

Nebuchadnezzar at, 1, 313.

dignitaries of Jerusalem beheaded at, 1, 314.

Riccio, Paul, apostate, translates the Kabbalistic writings of Joseph Jikatilla, 4, 466.

Richard I, of England, concludes a truce with Saladin, 3, 405.

first persecution of English Jews at the coronation of, 3, 409–10.

protects the Jews, 3, 411.

joins the third crusade, 3, 411.

orders those guilty of the massacre of the Jews to be punished, 3, 416.

capture of, 3, 418.

wishes to appoint Maimonides his physician, 3, 474.

Richard, brother of Henry III, the Jews of England pledged to, 3, 590.

Richelieu, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.

Richelieu, due de, expels the German Jews from Bordeaux, 5, 343–4.

Richter, Friedrich (Jean Paul), attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 533.

Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Prussia, 5, 191.

Riesser, Gabriel (1806–1860), grandfather of, 5, 330.

father of, 5, 570–1.

character of, 5, 598.

attitude of, towards Judaism, 5, 599.

unable to procure a position as jurist, 5, 599.

works for the emancipation of the German Jews, 5, 599.

criticises the Germans and the Jews, 5, 599–600.

advocates the formation of societies for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 600.

influence of, 5, 600–1, 602.

honored by the Jews of Baden, 5, 601.

contest of, with Judæophobists, 5, 601–2.

puts the Jewish question on the liberal programme, 5, 602.

friend of, 5, 602.

proposes means of commemorating the services of Montefiore and Crémieux, 5, 669–70.

secretary of the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.

and the proscription of the new prayer book, 5, 673.

приглашен присоединиться к «Друзьям реформы», 5, 675–6.

in the Prussian Landtag, 5, 697.

Riesser, Lazarus, supports the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 570–1.

Риети. См. Моше бен Исаак да Риети.

Rigle, the, festival lectures at Sora, 2, 515.

of the Exilarch, 2, 607.

Rihana, a woman of the Benu-Kuraiza, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 81.

Rimmon, the plain of, battle on, in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 416.

Rindfleisch persecution, the, of the German Jews, 4, 35–7.

“Rites, The,” by Leo Modena, translated by Richard Simon, 5, 180.

Ritual, the, work on, by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.

Ритуальное убийство. См. Кровавый навет.

Rivarola, cardinal, promises to remove Tomaso’s tombstone, 5, 668.

Ризба. См. Исаак бен Авраам.

Rizpah, wife of Saul, 1, 95.

coveted by Abner, 1, 110.

sons of, killed, 1, 123.

devotion of, 1, 123–4.

“Roaring of the Lion, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.

Robert, archbishop, ordered to enforce the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council in Hungary, 3, 521.

Robert of Anjou, king of Naples, protector of the Jews, 4, 59.

appealed to by the Jews of Rome, 4, 61.

patron of Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 61, 63.

taught by Leone Romano, 4, 68.

patron of Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 69, 70.

Robert, Ludwig, brother of Rachel Levin, 5, 534.

Роберт, Рахиль. См. Левин, Рахиль.

Robespierre, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

fall of, 5, 452.

Robles, Antonio, Marrano, indicted as a Papist, 5, 49.

Rocamora, Vincent (Isaac) de (1601–1684), Marrano monk, poet and physician, returns to Judaism, 5, 109–10.

judge of poetry, 5, 113.

Roderic, the last of the Visigothic kings of Spain, 3, 109.

Родосто. См. Родосто.

Rodrigo, physician of, at the congress summoned by João II, 4, 367.

Родриго, Жуан, де Кастель-Бранко. См. Аматус Лузитанус.

Rodrigues, Isaac, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.

Roger, count of Béziers, Jews under, 3, 395.

Roger II, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own jurisdiction, 3, 422–3.

brings Jews from Greece, 3, 424.

Rohrer, Joseph, writes against the Jews, 5, 472.

Роим. См. Пастушки.

Рокеах. См. Элеазар бен Иегуда.

Rolls, the, contain a register of the property of English Jews, 3, 588.

Romagna, the, the Talmud burnt in, under Julius III, 4, 565.

Roman, distinction between, and non-Roman disappears, 2, 468.

Roman eagle, the, torn down by Judæans, 2, 115, 121.

Roman era, the, used in public documents, 2, 134.

Roman exile, the, 2, 321.

Roman garrison of Jerusalem, the, under Metilius, 2, 255.

capitulates to the Zealots, 2, 260.

retreats to the towers of the wall, 2, 260.

destroyed by the Zealots, 2, 261.

Roman governors of Judæa, the, severity of, 2, 241. See Judæa, the Roman governors of.

Roman provinces, the, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.

евреи. См. под заголовком Евреи.

Roman Senate, the, acknowledges the rights of Ptolemy VI, 1, 506.

gives Cyrene to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.

defied by Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.

promulgates a law against Judaism in Rome, 2, 136.

Roman standard, the, obnoxious emblems on, 2, 139.

Романо, Соломон. См. Баптиста, Иоанн.

Romans, the, defeat Antiochus the Great, 1, 434.

in the second century before the common era, 1, 443.

favor Antiochus IV, 1, 443.

espouse the cause of Egypt against Antiochus IV, 1, 453.

order Lysias to give up elephants in the army, 1, 481–2.

Judas Maccabæus negotiates with, 1, 485–6.

allies of Judæa under Simon Tharsi, 1, 525–6.

embassy sent to, by John Hyrcanus, 2, 4–5.

forbid Antiochus IX to molest the Judæans, 2, 9.

besiege the Temple, 2, 123.

take of the Temple treasures, 2, 124.

end the revolt against Sabinus, 2, 126.

leaning of, towards Judaism, 2, 136–7.

in Judæa despise the Judæans, 2, 246–7.

of Judæa receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

kindly treated by the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411–12.

under Antoninus Pius, persecute the Jews, 2, 446.

См. также Рим.

Romantic movement, the, in Germany, 5, 515–16.

Romanus, teacher of Alexander Severus in Jewish customs, 2, 482.

Rome (city), Judæans in, before Pompey’s time, 2, 67.

Judæan quarter in, 2, 68.

struggle of parties in, after Cæsar’s death, 2, 79–80.

conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383–5.

the bishops of, bring about the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

a synagogue in, burnt by Christians, 2, 614.

the fall of, and the Jews, 3, 27–8.

the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

riot in, against Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.

immorality of, in the ninth century, 3, 169.

Council of, decrees against Jews’ holding offices, 3, 293–4.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369–71.

declared a republic, 3, 370.

exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.

David Reubeni at, 4, 492, 493.

sack of, confirms Messianic hopes, 4, 497.

Marranos of, permitted to profess Judaism, 4, 500.

Solomon Molcho at, 4, 502–4, 505–7.

flood in, 4, 505.

the Inquisition at, authorized, 4, 525.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.

the Talmud burnt at, 4, 565.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 161.

Rome (city), the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

do honor to Alexander III, 3, 421.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

live secure until the fourteenth century, 4, 58.

prosperity and culture of, 4, 58–9.

order a translation of Maimonides’ works, 4, 60.

threatened with banishment, 4, 61.

oppose the influx of Spanish exiles, 4, 363.

ill-treated by Paul IV, 4, 567.

do homage to Pius IV, 4, 588.

obtain privileges from Pius IV, 4, 588.

permitted to remain on the expulsion of Jews from the Papal States, 4, 591, 659.

number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.

under Sixtus V, 4, 655–6.

intercede for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

return to the Ghetto under Pius VII, 5, 518.

Rome (city), the Judæans of, power of, 2, 68.

banished to Sardinia, 2, 136–7.

first religious persecutions of, 2, 137.

number of, 2, 202.

in part banished by Claudius, 2, 202.

avoid the arch of Titus, 2, 314–15.

Rome (empire), Herod’s submission to, 2, 105.

the Temple placed under the protection of, 2, 111.

Judæa wholly in the possession of, 2, 128.

subdued by Christianity, 2, 174, 559.

Agrippa I makes plans against, 2, 195–6.

the yoke of, on Judæa, 2, 233–4.

the Judæan insurrection against, begun, 2, 255.

taxes of, not paid in Judæa, 2, 258.

allegiance to, renounced in Judæa, 2, 259.

in the estimation of the Jewish and the Pagan Christians, 2, 369.

the last emperors of, 2, 526.

weakness of, at home, 2, 526–7.

invaded by Parthians and Goths, 2, 527.

loses its importance, 2, 560.

revolt of the Jews against, under Constantius, 2, 570.

dissolution of, 2, 604–5.

См. также Восток, империя; Римляне; Запад, империя.

Rome (empire), the Jews of, appeal to Marcus Aurelius for the abolition of anti-Jewish laws, 2, 449.

favored by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

under Theodosius the Great, 2, 614–15.

См. также Евреи.

the Judæans of, favored by Cæsar, 2, 76.

mourn the murder of Cæsar, 2, 79.

favored by Octavius, 2, 103.

См. также Иудеи.

Rome, Little, name of Cæsarea, 2, 106.

Ronda, Berber ruler of, slain by the Arabs, 3, 276.

Rosales, a Jewish author, made count palatine, 4, 692.

Rosh, title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210, 211.

Rostock, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.

Rothenburg on the Tauber, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.

Rothschild, James de, entertains the diplomatic corps at Paris, 5, 529.

action of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 653.

Rothschild, Lionel de, refused his seat in Parliament, 5, 698.

Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, obtains the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, 5, 505.

civic honors of, 5, 514.

the son of, before the Congress of Vienna, 5, 514.

Rothschild, Nathaniel M. de, acts in the Damascus affair, 5, 645, 651.

obtains a revision of the trial of the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 647.

dignity of, 5, 653.

an English Peer, 5, 698.

Rothschilds, the, the house of, a power, 5, 513.

the residence of, mobbed, 5, 529.

awe of, 5, 530.

zealous in the Damascus affair, 5, 646.

hostile to Thiers, 5, 649.

appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.

attempt to extort money from, 5, 655.

Rotterdam, the second Jewish colony of Holland, 4, 685.

Röttingen, the Jews of, burnt by Rindfleisch, 4, 35.

Rouelle, the, a Jew badge introduced into France in the fourteenth century, 4, 131.

Rouen, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 299.

Rouen, the Council of, forbids Jews to keep Christian slaves or nurses, 3, 294.

re-enacts the decrees of the fourth Lateran Council, 3, 520.

Раундхеды (круглоголовые). См. Пуритане.

Rousseau praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Roussillon, French exiles emigrate to, 4, 49.

Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jäger), espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.

пишет «Письма темных людей», 4, 461–2.

Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, 5, 145.

Рухаим. См. Соломон бен Иерухам.

Rückert, inspires Sachs, 5, 692.

Rüdiger, Huozmann, bishop of Speyer, grants privileges to the Jews, 3, 297–8.

Rudolph (I) of Habsburg, emperor, Jews persecuted before the crowning of, 3, 611.

extorts money from the Jews of Germany, 3, 634.

grants privileges to the Jews of Ratisbon, 3, 635.

confirms the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 635.

ratifies papal bulls protecting the Jews, 3, 635.

blood accusations under, 3, 635–7.

confiscates the property of the Jews of Mayence, 3, 636.

imprisons Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639.

Rudolph II, emperor, attitude of, towards the Jews, 4, 652.

Rudolph, a French monk, preaches the second crusade in Germany, 3, 351.

arouses the people against the Jews, 3, 351.

denounced by the clergy, 3, 352–3.

disappears, 3, 353–4.

Ruez, Juan, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312.

Rufinus, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably disposed to the Jews, 2, 615–16.

Rufus, commander of the Tenth Legion, takes Simon bar Giora prisoner, 2, 313.

Rufus, Annius, third procurator of Judæa, 2, 135.

Rufus, Tinnius, governor of Judæa, retreats before Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

Rufus, Turnus, general, sent to Judæa by Hadrian, 2, 421.

draws the plow over Jerusalem, 2, 421.

severity of, towards Akiba, 2, 428.

cruelty of, to the dead, 2, 430.

wife of, and the Jews, 2, 432.

Rühs, Friedrich, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 517.

Rupert of the Palatinate, emperor, accession of, 4, 178.

privileges granted by, to Jews, confirmed, 4, 219.

Russia, Jews not allowed in, under Ivan IV, 4, 633.

allied with the Cossacks, 5, 14.

inflicts suffering upon the Polish Jews, 5, 14–15.

supports Turkey, 5, 634.

in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.

Russia, the Jews of, begin to study the Talmud, 3, 421.

represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

condition of, inquired into by Alexander I, 5, 472–3.

certain classes of, exempt from exceptional laws, 5, 473.

forced to attend schools, 5, 473.

forced into the cities, 5, 473.

Russia, Little, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.

the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.

Russia, West, the Haidamaks in, 5, 11.

the Jews banished from, 5, 12.

Russians, the, wage war with the Chazars, 3, 221.

Ruta al Jahud, a fortress near Saragossa, 3, 42.

Ruth, the Book of, composed to counteract Ezra’s views on intermarriage, 1, 370–1.

Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, permits the massacre of Jews by crusaders, 3, 303, 306.

accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.

flees to Erfurt, 3, 307.

Ruthenia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.

Ruy Capron, ancestor of the Jew hater Pacheco, 4, 278.

S

Saad-Addaula (Mordecai Ibn-Alcharbiya), physician to Argun, 3, 638.

regulates the finances of Argun, 3, 646.

advises diplomatic connections with Europe, 3, 647.

administration of, 3, 647–8.

patron of learning, 3, 648.

intrigue against, by the Mahometans, 3, 648–9.

Mongol enemies of, 3, 649.

execution of, 3, 649.

Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187, 188.

last important exponent of Eastern Judaism, 3, 188.

wide knowledge of, 3, 188.

decided character of, 3, 188.

attacks the Karaites, 3, 189.

translates the Bible into Arabic, 3, 189–90.

Hebrew grammar and lexicon by, 3, 190.

attacks the Karaite calendar, 3, 190–1.

later works of, against Karaism, 3, 192.

appointed Gaon of Sora, 3, 193.

dissatisfaction of, with Babylonian-Jewish communal life, 3, 193–4.

refuses to abet the injustice of the Exilarch, 3, 195–6.

deprived of his office, 3, 195.

names Josiah Hassan Exilarch, 3, 195.

deposed by Caliph Kahir, 3, 196.

at Bagdad, 3, 196.

arranges a prayer book, 3, 196.

collects the rules of the calendar, 3, 196.

writes against Aaron ben Asher, 3, 196–7, 207.

philosophical works of, 3, 197–8.

skepticism of the time of, 3, 198–9.

combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.

in favor with the caliph Abradhir, 3, 200.

reconciled with David ben Zaccaï, 3, 200–1.

restored to the Gaonate of Sora, 3, 201.

responses of, 3, 201.

son of, 3, 202.

attacked by Karaites, 3, 203, 204.

defended by Jacob ben Samuel, 3, 204.

objects to meter in Hebrew, 3, 223.

lexicographical work of, supplanted by Menachem ben Saruk’s, 3, 225.

works of, criticised by Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.

compared with Haï Gaon, 3, 250.

philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.

Saadio Longo, poet, patronized by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II, 4, 609.

Saatz, Hussite victory at, 4, 226.

Саба, Авраам. См. Авраам Саба.

Sabako, king of Egypt, designs of, on Palestine, 1, 257.

Sabbaï, champion of the Samaritan religion, 1, 517.

Sabbataï ben Solomon, Italian scholar, 3, 630.

Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), taken prisoner by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

ransomed in Trani, 3, 213.

physician to the Byzantine viceroy of Calabria, 3, 213.

offers to treat Nilus the Younger, 3, 213.

poetry of, 3, 223.

Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133.

spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.

clings to the Messiah after his apostasy, 5, 157.

encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, Germany, and Amsterdam, 5, 160–1.

Sabbataï Zevi (1626–1676), compared with Spinoza, 5, 118.

attractive appearance of, 5, 118.

boyhood and studies of, 5, 119.

early marriage of, 5, 119.

teaches the Kabbala, 5, 119.

father of, 5, 119–20.

interested in Messianic speculations, 5, 120–1.

reveals himself as the Messiah, 5, 122.

excommunicated and banished from Smyrna, 5, 122.

gains followers, 5, 123.

the Messiahship of, confirmed by an old document, 5, 123.

celebrates his marriage with the Torah, 5, 124.

banished from Salonica, 5, 124.

meets opposition at Athens, 5, 124.

introduced to Raphael Joseph Chelebi, 5, 125, 127.

attracts the Jews of Jerusalem, 5, 127.

sent as a messenger to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.

journey of, to Cairo, 5, 128.

second marriage of, 5, 128–9.

beginning of public career of, 5, 129.

becomes acquainted with Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.

threatened with excommunication in Jerusalem, 5, 132.

preparations for the arrival of, in Smyrna, 5, 133.

reception of, in Aleppo and Smyrna, 5, 133.

declares himself the Messiah in Smyrna, 5, 134.

enthusiasm for, in Smyrna, 5, 134–5.

sole ruler at Smyrna, 5, 136.

attracts wide attention, 5, 137.

honors paid to, 5, 141–2.

divides the world among his adherents, 5, 145.

goes to Constantinople, 5, 145–6.

arrested on his arrival, 5, 146.

reception of, in Constantinople, 5, 146–7.

imprisoned with debtors, 5, 147.

enthusiasm aroused by, in Constantinople, 5, 147–8.

imprisoned at Abydos, 5, 148.

celebrates the Passover illegally, 5, 148–9.

visitors crowd to, 5, 149.

homage paid to, 5, 149–50.

abolishes the fast of Tammuz, 5, 151–2.

summons Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 152.

betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 153.

conversion of, to Islam resolved on, 5, 153.

taken to Adrianople, 5, 154.

converted to Islam, 5, 154.

third marriage of, 5, 154.

letters of homage to, from Amsterdam, 5, 155.

Messianic claims of, acknowledged after his apostasy, 5, 156–7.

proved the true Messiah by his apostasy, 5, 157–8.

joined by Nathan Ghazati, 5, 158.

begins his Messianic doings anew, 5, 162.

preaches before Jews at Adrianople, 5, 162–3.

lives as a Jew and a Mahometan, 5, 165–6.

banished to Constantinople, 5, 166.

fourth marriage of, 5, 166.

banished to Dulcigno, 5, 166.

death of, 5, 166.

Cardoso declares himself the successor of, 5, 207.

cause of the failure of, 5, 209.

supposed son of, 5, 209.

immorality of the widow of, 5, 209–10.

successors of, 5, 211, 230, 274.

biography of, 5, 212, 266.

См. также Саббатианское движение; Саббатианцы.

Саббатай Цви, последователи, список:

Абоав, Исаак, де Фонсека

Абудиенте, Авраам Гидеон

Агилар, Рафаэль Моше д’

Ашкенази, Яков

Айон, Соломон

Бенвенисте, Хаим

Берахья,

Блох, Маттафия

Бонафу, Даниэль Исраэль

Кардозо, Авраам Михаэль

Кастро, Бендито де

Хаим Малах,

Хайон, Нехемия Хия

Челеби, Рафаэль Иосиф

Куэнки, Авраам

Духан, Яков Исраэль

Эйбешюц, Ионатан

Фалиачи, Яков

Галанте, Моше

Исаия Хасид,

Яков Керидо,

Иегуда Хасид,

Леб Герц,

Леви, Исаия

Лёбеле Просниц,

Мордехай из Айзенштадта,

Моше Меир Каменкер,

Наар, Исаак

Натан Биньямин Леви (Газати),

Пенья, Хаим

Перейра, Авраам

Пинейро, Моше

Примо, Самуил

Рубио, Авраам

Саббатай Рафаэль,

Сальвадор, Иона

Сильвейра, Исаак

Софино, Рафаэль

Тейшейра, Мануэль

Вольф, Леви

Яхини, Авраам

Закут, Моше.

Sabbath, the, the observance of, by Babylonian proselytes, 1, 339.

by Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.

as ordered by Nehemiah, 1, 386–7.

after Nehemiah, 1, 397–8.

forbidden by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 456.

according to the school of Shammai, 2, 131, 132.

by the disciples of Jesus, 2, 155.

forbidden in Alexandria, 2, 184.

by Pagans, 2, 384.

forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422.

respected by Honorius, 2, 617.

forbidden by Jezdijird III, 2, 627, 628.

as ordained by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

among the Karaites, 3, 132, 157, 158, 435; 4, 269–70.

on Cyprus, 3, 425.

a sign of heresy, 4, 316.

by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.

song for, 4, 538.

the center of Lurya’s mystic system, 4, 626.

Jews of France compelled to violate, 5, 451.

national according to Holdheim, 5, 680.

on Sunday, 5, 687, 702.

“Sabbath Epistle, The,” by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.

Sabbatian movement, the spread of, from Smyrna over Europe, 5, 135–41.

and Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 142, 143–4.

the Messiah in, 5, 142–3.

opposed by the Kofrim, 5, 144.

strengthened by the Messiah’s imprisonment, 5, 149–51.

causes stagnation of trade, 5, 149.

in Italy, 5, 160–1.

after Sabbataï Zevi’s death, 5, 207–14.

profligacy sanctioned in, 5, 210.

growth of, 5, 211–13, 228–9.

in Poland, 5, 212, 228.

in Podolia, 5, 228.

generally opposed by the rabbis, 5, 245.

history of, 5, 266.

Sabbatians, the, accept Islam, 5, 154, 211.

ridiculed on Sabbataï’s conversion to Islam, 5, 155.

threatened with persecution in Turkey, 5, 156.

refuse to believe Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 156–7.

excommunicated, 5, 157.

at Adrianople, 5, 159.

abrogate fasts, 5, 159.

in Italy, 5, 160–1.

adhere to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

character of, unknown, 5, 259.

existence of, denied, 5, 271.

encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 273.

Jacob Frank the leader of, 5, 273.

Sabbatical year, the, kept after Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 393.

Alexander the Great remits the tax in, 1, 415.

abolition of, contemplated by Judah I, 2, 459–60.

tax during, exacted by Caracalla, 2, 469.

Jannaï permits the cultivation of the land during, 2, 469.

Sabea, a province of southern Arabia, 3, 54.

Sabina, Poppea, wife of Nero, preference of, for Judaism, 2, 248.

favorable to Judaism, 2, 248.

appoints Gessius Florus procurator of Judæa, 2, 249.

death of, 2, 251.

releases Pharisees at the instance of Josephus, 2, 276.

Sabinus, treasurer of Augustus, sent to seize Herod’s treasures, 2, 123.

instigates a siege of the Temple by the Romans, 2, 123–4.

appropriates treasures from the Temple, 2, 124.

urges Quintilius Varus against the Judæan insurgents, 2, 125.

Sabureans (Saboraim), the, post-Amoraic teachers of the Law, render the Talmud available for practical use, 3, 6.

commit the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.

chronicle of, by Sherira, 3, 233.

См. под заголовком Закон, учителя.

Сабуреи, список:

Ахунай,

Ханан из Искии,

Хананья,

Ханинаи,

Гиза,

Мар бар Хуна,

Мари бар Мар,

Мар-Зутра III,

Рабай из Роба,

Семуна.

Сахарья. См. Мар-Сахарья.

Sachs, Michael (1808–1864), author of the “Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” 5, 555, 693–4.

contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 622.

antagonizes the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 687.

compared with Holdheim, 5, 687–8, 692.

compared with the Marranos, 5, 688.

Hebrew and Greek studies of, 5, 688.

characteristics of, 5, 688–9.

attitude of, to the Reform movement, 5, 689.

dislikes organized action, 5, 689.

as a preacher, 5, 689–90, 692.

friendship of, with Rapoport, 5, 690.

as a Talmudist, 5, 690, 691.

appointed rabbi in Berlin, 5, 691.

scorn of, for the German Jewish church, 5, 691–2.

scientific activity of, 5, 692–4.

exegetical work of, 5, 692–3, 695, 699.

Sacrifices, the, place of, in the Sinaitic teaching, 1, 24–5.

in Israel’s early history, 1, 57.

Samuel’s view of, 1, 74.

diminished importance of, 1, 79.

how replaced by the synagogue services, 1, 401.

to Jupiter, 1, 455, 456.

daily, paid for by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.

during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, 2, 60.

offered to the Cæsars, 2, 103.

offered by Vitellius, 2, 173.

not opposed by Jesus, 2, 155.

Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 209, 324, 325.

offered by heathens, 2, 258–9.

system of, admired by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

Sadducæism, revived by the high priest Anan, 2, 248.

Sadducees, the, the sect opposed in religion and politics to the Pharisees, 2, 17.

wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.

pay a tribute to the purity of the Pharisees, 2, 20.

the kernel of the Hasmonæan following, 2, 21.

derivation of the name of, 2, 21.

patriotism of, 2, 21.

political and religious principles of, 2, 21–2.

position of, with regard to the Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.

unpopularity of, 2, 23.

employed as diplomatists by John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.

replace the Pharisees in state offices, 2, 33.

actively opposed by the Pharisees under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.

compose the Great Council, 2, 42.

favored by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.

deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.

make the sacrifices depend on voluntary contributions, 2, 52.

persecuted by the Pharisees, 2, 53, 55.

protected by Salome Alexandra, 2, 55.

support Aristobulus, 2, 58.

reconciliation of, with the Pharisees, begun by Hillel, 2, 98.

a sect of, 2, 108.

opposed to the oral or traditional law, 2, 327, 462.

the opposition of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

Sadolet, bishop of Carpentras, on Paul III’s friendliness to the Jews, 4, 515.

Safa Berurah, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.

Safet, the Jews of, excommunicate the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 633.

Kabbalistic center, 4, 74, 399, 405, 622–3.

importance of, 4, 399, 531.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 399.

influence of Solomon Molcho in, 4, 529–30.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 538.

Azarya deï Rossi’s works declared heretical at, 4, 616.

Chayim Vital in, 5, 52.

Luzzatto at, 5, 244.

Safi (Assafi), Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.

Safia, daughter of Hujej Ibn-Achtab, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 83.

Safran, Karaite center, 3, 158.

Саган. См. Сеган.

Sahaduta di Mehemnuta, Sabbatian work, 5, 162.

Sahal Rabban (800), physician and mathematician, translates the Almagest, 3, 146.

Саид. См. Саадия бен Иосиф.

Саида. См. Сидон.

Saif-Eddin Ghasi, friendly to the Jews of Mosul, 3, 429.

St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, influences the election of the Polish king, 4, 604.

Saint Etienne, Rabaud, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the Jews, 5, 439.

St. Gall, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.

St. Gilles, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 399–400.

Jewish deputies meet at, 3, 509.

Сен-Жан-д’Акр. См. Акко.

St. John, Lord Oliver, English ambassador to Holland, visits a synagogue, 5, 33–4.

St. Paul’s cathedral, Jews reported to have bought, 5, 45.

Saints, the worship of, discussed by French Jews, 3, 343.

Sais, center of the worship of Neïth, 1, 300.

Saladin, sultan of Turkey, maintains his hold upon Jerusalem, 3, 405.

power of, 3, 431.

has a Jewish physician, 3, 443.

succeeds the Fatimide Caliphs, 3, 461.

the Jews under, 3, 461.

at war with Nureddin’s adherents, 3, 472.

allows Jews to settle in Jerusalem, 3, 474.

patron of Abdel-latif, 3, 488.

in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.

Salamanca, the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.

charged with child murder, 4, 276.

Salamis, capital of Cyprus, destroyed by Jewish rebels against Trajan, 2, 397.

Salee, the Sabbatians of, persecuted, 5, 151.

Salerno, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Salins, François, enemy of the Damascus Jews, 5, 661.

Sallam Ibn-Mishkam, a prominent Nadhirite, urges war against Mahomet, 3, 79.

Salman of Lemberg, spies upon Luzzatto, 5, 240.

Salman of Liadi, leader of the Chassidim, 5, 393.

imprisoned, 5, 394.

Salome, sister of Herod, calumniates Mariamne, 2, 93, 104.

Herod’s suspicions of, 2, 112.

daughter of, 2, 112.

conspires against Mariamne’s sons, 2, 112–13.

ordered to execute prominent Judæans on the day of Herod’s death, 2, 116.

bequest to, from Herod, 2, 119.

disputes the succession of Archelaus, 2, 120.

towns belonging to, bequeathed to Empress Livia, 2, 128, 132.

Salome Alexandra, wife of Aristobulus I, accused of instigating her brother-in-law’s murder, 2, 38.

said to have released Alexander Jannæus from prison, 2, 39.

partisan of the Pharisees, 2, 42, 48.

made regent, 2, 47.

gentle character of, 2, 47–8.

coins of, 2, 48.

proclaims Hyrcanus high priest, 2, 48.

protects the Sadducees, 2, 55.

treats with the king of Armenia, 2, 55–6.

end of, 2, 56.

Salomon, Gotthold, preacher of the Hamburg Reform Temple, 5, 564–5.

Heine on, 5, 577.

Salomons, David, in the Damascus affair, 5, 645, 653.

fined for taking his seat in Parliament, 5, 698.

Salonica (Saloniki, Thessalonica), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Samuel II Abrabanel studies at, 4, 385.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 388.

the Spanish exiles at, 4, 404–5.

becomes a Jewish town, 4, 404–5.

a Kabbalistic center, 4, 405, 538.

the Jews of, split up into national groups, 4, 478.

the Kabbalists of, and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496–7.

the Jews of, consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.

Amatus Lusitanus in, 4, 580.

Sabbataï Zevi in, 5, 124.

the Sabbatian enthusiasm in, 5, 135.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 160.

the Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

profligacy of the Sabbatians in, 5, 210.

the Donmäh in, 5, 211.

growth of the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 211.

Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216.

Jacob Frank in, 5, 272.

См. также Фессалоники.

Салоники. См. Салоники.

Saloniki, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.

tortured, 5, 636–7.

Salt mines, owned by Jews, 3, 242.

farmed by Jews, 3, 521.

Salt Sea, the, description of, 1, 43.

Salvador, Jonah, defends the Jews of Metz from the blood accusation, 5, 176.

Salvatierra, the Jewish community of, destroyed by the Almohades, 3, 506–7.

“Salvation of the Jews, The,” by Mendelssohn, 5, 362–3.

Salvation, the dogma of, criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

according to Joseph Albo, 4, 240–1.

Salzring, in Breslau, scene of the burning of Jews by John of Capistrano, 4, 262.

Samach, wife of Izates, convert to Judaism, 2, 216.

Samael, chief of demons, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.

name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.

Samaria (city) (Sebaste), made the capital of Israel, 1, 193.

center of Phœnician idol-worship, 1, 197–8.

Elisha in, 1, 218.

besieged by Ben-hadad III, 1, 221–2.

taken by Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.

gubernatorial seat of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, 1, 414.

a colony of Idumæans near, 2, 9.

besieged by Hyrcanus, 2, 10.

capitulates, 2, 211.

Mariamne married to Herod at, 2, 87.

incorporated with Judæa under Herod, 2, 103.

called Sebaste and ornamented by Herod, 2, 106.

the sons of Mariamne executed at, 2, 113.

given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

ruled by procurators, 2, 137.

given to Agrippa I, 2, 190.

Greek citizens of, and Agrippa I, 2, 194, 196.

Cumanus procurator of, 2, 242.

a Christian city, 3, 12.

Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Самария, царство. См. Израиль, царство.

Samaritan, a, brings about the fall of Bethar, 2, 417–18.

the, account of the fall of Bethar, 2, 418.

Samaritans (Cuthæans), the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria by Esarhaddon, 1, 285.

worship at Mizpah, 1, 321.

settled to the north of Judæa, 1, 355.

and the second Temple, 1, 357.

hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 358.

accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia, 1, 361.

intermarry with the Judæans, 1, 361–2.

attack Jerusalem, 1, 371.

take Jerusalem, 1, 372.

build a Temple on Gerizim, 1, 390.

declare themselves a remnant of the Ten Tribes, 1, 390–1.

characteristics of, 1, 391–2.

the first Jewish sect, 1, 392.

hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 392, 410, 435.

retain the old Hebrew characters, 1, 396.

reject the prophetical writings, 1, 400.

reject the dogma of resurrection, 1, 406.

Andromachos governor of, 1, 414.

taken captive by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

money-lenders among, equip Joseph for court, 1, 424.

join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, 1, 467.

hostility of, to the Judæans, re-awakened in Egypt, 1, 515–16.

forced to renounce Judaism by Antiochus IV, 1, 516.

emigrate to Egypt, 1, 516.

objection of, to the Septuagint, 1, 516.

dispute with the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 516–17.

Greek literature of, 1, 517.

hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.

Temple of, destroyed, 2, 7–8.

pollute the Temple, 2, 135.

cruelly treated by Pontius Pilate, 2, 171–2.

murder Galilean pilgrims, 2, 243.

of Acrabatene, exterminated, 2, 243.

join the Judæans against Rome, 2, 268.

influence Hadrian against the Jews, 2, 403.

receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

religion of, mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.

participate in the revolt of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.

testimony of, declared valid, 2, 457.

enmity of, to the Jews, 2, 457–8, 534.

compelled to idolatry by Diocletian, 2, 533.

declared heathens by the Synhedrion, 2, 534.

weakened by their hostility to the Jews, 2, 535.

in Babylonia and Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584.

forbidden to enter military service under Honorius, 2, 617.

evidence of, declared invalid by Justinian I, 3, 13.

obliged to assume the decurionate, 3, 13.

forced into Christianity, 3, 16–17.

massacre the Christians of Cæsarea, 3, 17.

oppressed by Justin II, 3, 17–18.

help the Arabs in Palestine, 3, 87.

in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Samarkand, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.

Samega, John Hyrcanus at, 2, 7.

Самиэль. См. Самаэль.

Samogitia, Karaites in, 5, 182.

Samos, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Sampsigeramus, king of Emesa, allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.

Samson, judge, fights with the Philistines, 1, 64, 66.

hero of a poem by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.

subject of Luzzatto’s drama, 5, 234.

the Syrian Hercules, 5, 715.

Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist, regards Karaites as idolaters, 3, 408; 4, 72.

emigrates to Jerusalem, 3, 505.

anti-Maimunist, 3, 524, 527.

party of, defeated, 3, 526.

brother-in-law of, 3, 539.

Samson ben Meïr, collects twenty signatures against the study of science, 4, 38.

Samuel, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 439.

Samuel, disciple of Jochanan bar Napacha, defends a political offender before Zenobia, 2, 529–30.

Samuel, Jewish treasurer of Ferdinand IV of Castile, 4, 51–2.

Samuel, Kabbalist, disciple of Abraham Abulafia, 4, 6.

Samuel, prophet, characterization of, 1, 72–3.

descent of, 1, 73.

at Shiloh, 1, 73.

prophetic inspiration of, 1, 73, 75.

on sacrifices, 1, 74.

versed in the Law of Moses, 1, 74.

reclaims the nation from idolatry, 1, 75–6.

as a preacher, 1, 75.

unites the northern and the southern tribes, 1, 77–8.

holds popular assemblies, 1, 78.

introduces music into the divine service, 1, 78–9.

sons of, 1, 79, 80.

and the demand for a king, 1, 80.

chooses Saul as king, 1, 82–3.

abandons Saul at Gilgal, 1, 86.

accompanies Saul against Nahash, 1, 90.

anoints Saul, 1, 90.

reproves Saul for disobedience in the Amalekite wars, 1, 92–3.

kills Agag, 1, 93.

anoints David, 1, 95–6.

influences David, 1, 96–7.

regulations for pilgrims to the grave of, 4, 398.

Samuel the Younger (Hakaton), condemns the Jewish Christians, 2, 357–8.

prophecy of, 2, 358.

supposed author of the Birchath ha-Minim, 2, 379.

Samuel bar Bun, Amora, contemporary of Ashi, 2, 609.

Samuel bar Judah, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, 2, 567.

Samuel ben Aaron, Karaite, gives an account of Karaism, 5, 183.

Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi (1165–1216), prominent in Barcelona, 3, 388.

Samuel ben Abraham Saporta, Maimunist, addresses the rabbis of France, 3, 539.

denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 543.

Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Talmudist, Gaon of Bagdad, 3, 438–9.

as a philosopher, 3, 438.

as a teacher, 3, 438–9.

judge of appeals, 3, 439.

functions and authority of, 3, 439–40.

daughter of, 3, 439.

opposes Maimonides, 3, 472.

traduces Maimonides, 3, 475, 477.

treatise by, on the resurrection, 3, 476.

correspondence of, with Maimonides, 3, 476–7.

disciple of, 3, 525.

Samuel ben Asher, murdered in Cologne during the first crusade, 3, 304.

Samuel ben Chofni, last Gaon of Sora, exegetical works of, 3, 253.

attacks Karaism, 3, 253.

Samuel ben Israel, son of Manasseh, academic honors paid to, in England, 5, 38.

Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon (1160–1239), translator, character of, 3, 398.

corresponds with Maimonides, 3, 491.

trains Jacob Anatoli as a translator, 3, 566.

not in favor with the obscurantists, 4, 32.

Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100–1160), grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 288, 345.

converts Rashi to a rational exegesis, 3, 288, 346.

Bible exegete, 3, 345–6.

commentaries by, 3, 346.

maintains that the Biblical day begins in the morning, 3, 374.

compared with Jacob Tam, 3, 375.

at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Samuel ben Meïr Allavi (Abulafia), minister of finance to Pedro the Cruel, 4, 115–16, 117–18.

rectitude of, 4, 116.

espouses the cause of Maria de Padilla, 4, 117.

shares the king’s imprisonment, 4, 118.

protector of the Jews, 4, 119.

builds a synagogue at Toledo, 4, 119–20.

agitation against, 4, 120–1.

fall and death of, 4, 121.

synagogue of, turned into a church, 4, 354.

Samuel ben Solomon at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.

Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, Tossafist, 3, 586.

Samuel ben Yechiel, martyr of the first crusade, 3, 305.

Samuel Ibn-Abbas, apostate to Islam, writes against the Jews, 3, 442.

Samuel Ibn-Adiya (500–560), Jewish Arabic poet, chief of an Arabic tribe, 3, 68.

protects Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr, 3, 68–9.

son of, 3, 69, 70.

defense of, 3, 70.

death of, 3, 70.

Самуил Ибн-Нагдела. См. Самуил ха-Леви Ибн-Нагрела.

Samuel Ibn-Wakar (Abenhuacar), at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 76, 79.

physician to Alfonso XI, 4, 80.

jealous of Joseph Ecija, 4, 80.

made farmer of revenues, 4, 80–1.

accused of depreciating the coinage, 4, 81.

end of, 4, 84.

Samuel, son of Abba (Arioch, Mar-Samuel, Yarchinai, 180–257), cures Judah I, 2, 456.

an Amora, 2, 479, 518.

enforces the authority of the Patriarch in Babylonia, 2, 484.

returns to Babylonia, 2, 511, 519.

principal of the Nahardea academy, 2, 512, 519.

decisions of, 2, 515.

view held by, on the Messiah, 2, 519.

establishes the principle of the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 519–20.

and Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.

Persian leanings of, 2, 520–1.

as astronomer, 2, 521.

draws up a calendar, 2, 521–2.

as a physician, 2, 522.

subordination of, to Rab, 2, 522.

recognized as the religious chief of Babylon, 2, 522.

and Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 522–3.

daughters of, taken captive by Odenathus, 2, 528.

superiority of, acknowledged in Palestine, 2, 531.

influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, 2, 544.

on Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 550.

humanity of, towards his slaves, 2, 555.

calendar of, used by Hillel II, 2, 574.

Samuel, son of Joseph Ezobi, advice to, 3, 561.

Samuel I Abrabanel (Juan de Sevilla), Almoxarif to Henry II de Trastamare, 4, 138, 169.

exerts himself in behalf of the Jews, 4, 139–40.

patron of Menachem ben Aaron, 4, 145.

accepts baptism, 4, 169.

delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, 4, 219.

grandfather of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 337.

Samuel II Abrabanel (1473–1550), son of Isaac, student at Salonica, 4, 340, 385.

eminence of, 4, 409.

as financier, 4, 409.

beneficence of, 4, 409.

wife of, 4, 409–10.

patron of Jewish learning, 4, 410.

advises the Jews to leave Naples, 4, 543.

settles in Ferrara, 4, 544.

Samuel Alvalensi, Spanish exile, prominent in Fez, 4, 390.

disciple of, 4, 392.

Samuel Çarça, on the condition of the Jews of Castile, 4, 137.

comments on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.

Samuel Cohen ben Daniel, head of the Bagdad academy, Maimunist, 3, 633.

Samuel Franco, Kabbalist in Salonica, 4, 405.

Samuel Halevi, delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, 4, 219.

Samuel Halevi, invents a water-clock, 3, 594.

Samuel (Ishmael) Halevi Ibn-Nagrela (Nagid, 993–1055), consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252, 260.

accomplishments of, 3, 254–5.

taught by Chanoch and Chayuj, 3, 255.

leaves Cordova and settles in Malaga, 3, 255.

linguistic attainments of, 3, 255.

master of Arabic calligraphy, 3, 255.

private secretary to the vizir, 3, 256.

minister to Habus, 3, 256–7.

poem by, addressed to Habus, 3, 257.

gentleness of, 3, 257.

plots to depose, 3, 258.

partisan of Badis, 3, 258.

vizir under Badis, 3, 258.

formulas of Moslem rulers used by, 3, 259.

exercises authority over the Granada congregations, 3, 259.

writes a methodology of the Talmud, 3, 259.

writes a commentary on the Talmud, 3, 259.

as poet, 3, 259–60.

as patron of learning, 3, 260.

as grammarian, 3, 261.

hostile to Ibn-Janach, 3, 262, 313.

patron of Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 268.

eulogized by Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 273.

poem by, in praise of Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 274.

death of, 3, 274.

son of, 3, 274.

patron of Isaac ben Baruch Albalia, 3, 283.

patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, 3, 284.

unique figure in Spanish Jewish history, 3, 313.

employs the father of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.

research of, furnishes material for Abraham Ibn-Daud’s history, 3, 366.

Самуил Лишбона. См. Лишбона, Самуил.

Самуил Нагид. См. Самуил ха-Леви Ибн-Нагрела.

Samuel Shulam, physician, historical works by, 4, 608.

Samuel Sidillo, scholar, Spanish exile at Cairo, 4, 392.

Samuel Sulami, patron of Jewish learning, 4, 25–6.

in correspondence with Solomon ben Adret, 4, 26.

censured for harboring Levi of Villefranche, 4, 29.

Samuel Vital, publishes his father’s Kabbalistic visions, 5, 53.

superintends Chelebi’s penances, 5, 125.

Samuel Zacuto, son of Abraham, escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.

Samuges, king of Assyria, defection of the nations from, 1, 287.

Samun, rabbi of Leghorn, recalls his approval of the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Sanaa (Usal), Israelitish trading station at, 3, 54.

prince of the Jews of Talmas in, 3, 437.

Sanballat, leader of the Samaritans, qualities of, 1, 362.

hostility of, to the Judæans under Ezra, 1, 369–70.

attacks Jerusalem, 1, 371.

chagrined at Nehemiah’s appointment, 1, 374.

disturbs Nehemiah’s work, 1, 375.

intrigues against Nehemiah, 1, 375–6.

daughter of, 1, 383, 386.

projects a Temple on Mount Gerizim, 1, 389–90.

invites settlers to Samaria, 1, 391.

San Benito, the garment of the victims of the Inquisition, 4, 317, 327.

Sanchez, Juan Perez, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 329.

plots against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329.

Sancho IV, son of Alfonso X, rebels against his father, 3, 616.

Jews of Castile under, 3, 616–17.

regulates the taxation of the Jews, 3, 617.

Todros Abulafia at the court of, 4, 2.

Sancho Ramirez, king of Leon, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 216.

Sancta Anastasia, cardinal de, favorably inclined towards the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

Sand, Karl, assassin of Kotzebue, 5, 528, 530, 533.

Sangisa, sister of Pope John XXII, hostile to the Jews, 4, 61.

San Martin, Juan de, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312, 323.

censured by Sixtus IV, 4, 318.

San Miguel, the order of, awarded to Enriquez de Paz, 5, 110.

Sans-Souci, Mendelssohn at, 5, 302.

Santa-Cruz, Gaspard de, Marrano, dishonored after his death, 4, 331–2.

Santarem, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

refuge of Leonora of Portugal, 4, 160.

Сантас. См. Иосиф бен Исаак Ибн-Абитур.

Sante-Fé, Francisco de, Marrano, martyrdom of, 4, 331.

San Thomas, children of Spanish exiles sent to, 4, 371.

Santiago de Compostela, autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.

Santob de Carrion (1300–1350), Spanish Jewish poet, 4, 87, 114–15.

style of, 4, 115.

rebukes the king and wealthy Jews, 4, 115.

Сапорта. См. Енох Сапорта; Самуил бен Авраам Сапорта.

Saragossa, early traces of Jews near, 3, 42.

Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.

Ibn-Janach settles at, 3, 262.

Ibn-Gebirol banished from, 3, 268.

a Jewish vizir at, 3, 280.

Ibn-Kamnial at, 3, 312.

conquered by Alfonso I of Aragon, 3, 316.

capital of Aragon, 3, 387.

first victims of the Inquisition in Aragon fall in, 4, 329.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

Saragossa, the Jews of, censured by Ibn-Gebirol for neglecting Hebrew, 3, 267.

try to prevent the execution of the decree concerning Jew badges, 3, 513.

Maimunists, 3, 536–7.

converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 206, 214.

Saragossa, the Marranos of, plot against Arbues, 4, 330.

protected by Alfonso of Aragon, 4, 330.

slaughtered, 4, 331–2.

Сарагоси. См. Иосиф Сарагоси.

Sarah, wife of Abraham, buried in Machpelah, 1, 4.

in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Sarah Zevi, suffering of, during the Chmielnicki massacres, 5, 128–9.

declares herself to be the destined wife of the Messiah, 5, 129.

brought from Leghorn to Cairo, 5, 129.

marries Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 129.

immorality of, 5, 130, 135.

at Abydos, 5, 149.

accepts Islam, 5, 154.

Saramalla, a rich Judæan of Antioch, assists Herod, 2, 87.

Saraph-Bashi, Egyptian title, 5, 124.

Sardes, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

Sardinia, Roman Judæans banished to, 2, 136–7.

the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Sardinia, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347.

Sarepta (Zarephath), Elijah dwells in, 1, 203.

Sariel, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.

Sarkel, Chazar fortress, taken by Sviatislav, 3, 222.

Sarmatia, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.

Sarrão, Thomé, Portuguese Marrano leader, 4, 516.

Sarsar, meeting place of Kohen-Zedek and David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

Sar Shalom, rabbi of the Persian congregations, 3, 434.

Сартаба. См. Александрион.

Saruk, Israel, introduces the Luryan Kabbala into Italy and Holland, 5, 54.

Sason, Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 5, 641.

Sasportas, the family of, distinguished in Oran, 5, 169.

Sasportas, Jacob, scholar, accompanies Manasseh ben Israel to England, 5, 38.

rabbi of London, 5, 50.

opposes the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 141, 150, 161.

tries to expose Sabbataï’s roguery, 5, 151.

Sasportas, Jacob, zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 455.

Sassanides, the, dynasty of, established by Ardashir, 2, 523.

Satan, beginning of the belief in, 2, 170.

Satanov, Sabbatians before the council of rabbis at, 5, 276.

Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

Satire, the favorite burden of Jewish Andalusian poetry, 3, 224.

Satirical romance, the, in Hebrew poetry, 3, 559.

Saturnalia, the, Jews have no intercourse with the heathen before, 2, 477.

Saubert, John, translator of Templo’s work, 5, 115.