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4 ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ ИММИГРАЦИЯ В СОЕДИНЕННЫЕ ШТАТЫ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПО ИСТОРИИ, ЭКОНОМИКЕ И ПУБЛИЧНОМУ ПРАВУ
ПОД РЕДАКЦИЕЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ НАУК КОЛУМБИЙСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА
Том LIX] [Номер 4
Общий номер 145
ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ ИММИГРАЦИЯ В СОЕДИНЕННЫЕ ШТАТЫ
С 1881 ПО 1910 ГОД
АВТОР:
СЭМЮЭЛ ДЖОЗЕФ
1914
МОИМ ОТЦУ И МАТЕРИ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
В этом обзоре еврейской иммиграции в Соединенные Штаты за последние тридцать лет моей целью было представить основные черты миграционного движения, которое является одним из самых примечательных в современную эпоху. Причины еврейской эмиграции из Восточной Европы, ход еврейской иммиграции в Соединенные Штаты и наиболее важные социальные качества еврейских иммигрантов изучены с точки зрения того, какой свет они проливают на характер этого движения. Метод, использованный в данном исследовании, был по большей части статистическим и сравнительным, что отчасти объясняется характером доступного материала, а отчасти — принятой точкой зрения. Определенные экономические и социальные факторы, имеющие тесную связь с прошлым и настоящим положением евреев в Восточной Европе и часто игнорируемые при обсуждении различных фаз этого движения, были подчеркнуты при изучении причин эмиграции евреев из Восточной Европы и оказались жизненно важными для определения специфического характера еврейской иммиграции в эту страну.
Я хочу выразить глубокую признательность г-ну А. С. Фрейдусу, главе еврейского отдела Нью-Йоркской публичной библиотеки, за его неизменную готовность помочь в подготовке этой работы. Благодарность также выражается д-ру К. К. Уильямсону, главе экономического отдела библиотеки, и его компетентным и любезным сотрудникам; профессору Роберту Э. Чэддоку за его многочисленные ценные предложения и помощь в составлении статистических таблиц и чтении корректуры; а также профессору Эдвину Р. А. Селигману за его тщательное прочтение рукописи.
Сэмюэл Джозеф.
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.
PART I.—THE CAUSES OF JEWISH EMIGRATION.
PAGE
CHAPTER I
Introduction.
1. Character of Jewish immigration 21
2. Eastern Europe 22
3. Distribution of Jews in Eastern Europe 21
4. Uniform character of East-European Jews 22
CHAPTER II
Eastern Europe: Economic, Social and Political Conditions
I. Russia.
1. Medieval past 27
2. Agricultural character 28
3. Emancipation of serfs 29
4. Reminiscences of serfdom 29
5. Changes since the emancipation 30
6. Epoch of transition 31
7. Social orders: classes, the church 31
8. Political order: autocracy, bureaucracy 32
9. Political struggle: Russian liberalism 32
10. Reaction since Alexander III 33
II. Roumania.
1. Social-economic classes 34
2. Emancipation of the serfs: results 35
3. Development of industry and commerce 36
4. Growth of a middle class 36
III. Austria-Hungary.
1. Reminiscences of medieval economy 37
2. Transitional nature of economic life 37
3. Organization of industry and commerce 37
4. Politico-economic struggles 38
5. Galicia: economic and social conditions 39
IV. Summary.
CHAPTER III
The Jews in Eastern Europe: Economic and Social Position
I. Russia.
1. Economic characteristics 42
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews 42
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 42
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups 43
d. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and non-Jews in the Pale 43
e. Economic activities of the Jews 44
2. Social characteristics 46
a. Urban distribution of the Jews 46
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 46
c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews 47
d. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews 48
II. Roumania.
1. Economic characteristics 48
a. The Jews as merchants and entrepreneurs 48
b. The Jewish artisans 49
c. Participation of the Jews in industry and commerce 49
2. Social characteristics 49
a. Urban distribution of the Jews 49
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 49
c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews 50
III. Austria-Hungary.
1. Economic characteristics 50
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews 50
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 51
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups 51
Galicia 51
a. Occupational distribution of the Jews 51
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 51
c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups 51
d. Industrial and commercial position of the Jews in East and West Galicia 52
2. Social characteristics 52
a. Urban distribution of the Jews 52
b. Comparison with the non-Jews 52
c. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews 52
III. Summary.
CHAPTER IV
Thirty Years of Jewish History
I. Russia.
1. Treatment of the Jews after the partitions of Poland 56
2. Pale of Jewish Settlement: special Jewish laws 57
3. Attitude of Russian government toward the Jews 57
4. Alexander II and liberalism 58
5. Reaction: antagonism to the Jews 59
6. Economic attack: the May Laws 60
7. Effect of the May Laws 61
8. Educational restrictions: the "percentage rule" 62
9. Pogroms: pogroms of 1881-2 63
10. Expulsions from Moscow 64
11. Nicholas II: anti-Jewish agitation: Kishineff 64
12. War and revolution: effect upon the Jews 65
13. Pogroms as counter-revolution 66
14. Results: economic and social pressure 67
15. Jewish policy of reactionary régime 68
II. Roumania.
1. Early legal status of the Jews 69
2. Convention of Paris 69
3. Anti-Jewish activities of the government: Article VII 70
4. Berlin Congress 70
5. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty 71
6. The revised Article VII 71
7. Legal status of the Jews fixed 72
8. Campaign of discrimination 73
9. Exclusion of Jews from economic activities 73
10. Educational restrictions: restrictions to professional service 74
11. Political basis of anti-Jewish policy 75
12. Results: economic and social pressure 76
13. Jewish policy of Roumanian government: Hay's circular note 76
III. Austria-Hungary.
1. Early legal status of the Jews: emancipation 77
2. Jews attacked as liberals and capitalists 78
3. Rise of political antisemitism: its triumph: the clericals 78
Galicia 78
1. Rise of a Polish middle class: displacement of Jews in industry and commerce 79
2. Economic boycott of Jewish artisans and traders 79
3. Anti-Jewish activity of local authorities 79
4. Over-competition and surplus of Jews in industry and commerce 80
5. Historical rôle of the Jews: antagonism of peasantry and clergy 80
CHAPTER V
Conclusion
PART II.--JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES
A. Its Movement
CHAPTER I
Determination of Number of Jewish Immigrants
1. Construction of table: difficulties 87
2. Sources utilized: reports of Jewish societies 87
3. Rearrangement of numbers from 1886 to 1898 88
4. Determination of numbers by country of nativity: methods used 88
5. Determination of numbers from 1881 to 1885: methods used 90
6. Tendency to magnify numbers of Jewish immigrants 91
7. Results 92
CHAPTER II
Immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe
1. Jewish immigration East-European 95
2. Summary by decades of Jewish immigration from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary 95
3. Annual contributions of Jewish immigration from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary 96
CHAPTER III
Immigration of Jews from Russia
1. Russian Jewish immigration a movement of steady growth 98
a. Summary by decades 98
b. Annual variations: effect of the Moscow expulsions 98
2. Participation of Jews in the immigration from Russia 101
a. Annual variations 101
b. Summary by decades 102
c. Relative predominance of Jewish in total 102
3. Intensity of Jewish immigration from Russia 103
a. Rate of immigration 103
b. Fluctuations of rate 104
CHAPTER IV
Immigration of Jews from Roumania
1. Roumanian Jewish immigration a rising movement 105
a. Summary by decades 105
b. Annual variations 105
2. Participation of Jews in the immigration from Roumania 107
a. Jewish and total synonymous 107
b. Annual variations 107
3. Intensity of Jewish immigration from Roumania 108
a. Rate of immigration 108
b. Fluctuations of rate 108
CHAPTER V
Immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary
1. Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary a rising movement 109
a. Summary by decades 109
b. Annual variations 109
c. Comparison of Jewish with total 110
2. Participation of Jews in the immigration from Austria-Hungary 110
a. Summary by decades 110
b. Annual variations 111
3. Comparison of immigration of Jews from Austria and Hungary 111
a. Numbers 111
b. Participation in total 111
4. Immigration of Jews and other peoples from Austria-Hungary 112
5. Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary 112
CHAPTER VI
Jewish Immigration
1. Total movement one of geometrical progression 113
a. Summary by decades 113
b. Summary by six-year periods 113
c. Annual variations 114
CHAPTER VII
Participation of Jews in Total Immigration
1. Rise in proportion of Jewish to total 117
2. Summary by decades 117
3. Annual variations 117
4. Comparison of annual variations of Jewish and total immigration 118
5. Rank of Jewish in total immigration 119
6. Rate of immigration 120
CHAPTER VIII
Summary
B. Its Characteristics
CHAPTER I
Family Movement
1. Importance of sex and age distribution 127
2. Proportion of females in Jewish immigration 127
a. Tendency towards increase 127
3. Proportion of children in Jewish immigration 128
4. Proportion of sexes in total and Jewish immigration 129
5. Proportion of children in total and Jewish immigration 129
6. Comparison of composition by sex of Jews and other immigrant peoples 130
7. Comparison of composition by age of Jews and other immigrant peoples 130
8. Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews and the Slavic races 131
9. Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews from Roumania and Roumanians 131
10. Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration 132
11. Conclusion 132
CHAPTER II
Permanent Settlement
1. Emigration of Jews compared with immigration of Jews 133
2. Comparison of return movement of total and Jewish immigration 134
3. Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples 134
4. Emigration tendency of Jews from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary 135
5. Comparison of return movement of Jews and Poles from Russia and Austria-Hungary 136
6. Comparison of return movement of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration 137
7. Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples, 1908 137
8. Response of Jewish immigration to economic conditions in the United States 138
9. Comparison of Jews and other immigrant peoples who have been previously in the United States 138
10. Conclusion 139
CHAPTER III
Occupations
1. Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants 140
2. Jewish immigrants reporting occupations 141
a. Number and percentage of occupational groups 141
3. Skilled laborers 141
a. Garment workers 141
b. Other important groups 142
4. Participation of Jews in occupational distribution of total immigration 142
5. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and other immigrant peoples 143
6. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and Slavic peoples 144
7. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration 144
8. Conclusion 145
CHAPTER IV
Illiteracy
1. Illiteracy of Jewish immigrants 146
2. Influence of sex upon illiteracy of Jewish immigrants 146
3. Illiteracy of Jewish male and female immigrants 147
4. Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and other immigrant peoples 147
5. Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration 147
6. Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and East-European peoples 148
7. Comparison of rate of illiteracy of each sex among Jews and East-European peoples 148
8. Conclusion 148
CHAPTER V
Destination
1. Factors influencing destination 149
2. Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for divisions 149
3. Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for principal states 149
4. Comparison of destination of Jews and other immigrant peoples 150
5. Participation of Jews in the immigration destined for divisions 150
6. Final disposition of Jewish immigrants 151
CHAPTER VI
Summary and Conclusions
СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ТАБЛИЦЫ
PAGE
IA. Participation of Jews in occupations in the Russian Empire, 1897 158
IAB. Participation of Jews in occupations in the Pale of Jewish Settlement, 1897 159
II. Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, July to June, 1886 to 1898 159
III. Jewish immigration at the port of New York, July, 1885 to June, 1886, by month and country of nativity 159
IVA. Jewish immigration at the port of Philadelphia, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity 160
IVB. Jewish immigration at the port of Baltimore, 1891 to 1898, by country of nativity 160
V. Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity 161
VI. Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910 93
VII. Percentage of annual Jewish immigration to the United States, contributed by each country of nativity, 1881 to 1910 94
VIII. Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910, absolute numbers and percentages, by decade and country of nativity 162
IX. Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year 162
X. Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade 163
XI. Jewish immigration from Russia at the port of New York, January 1, 1891 to December 31, 1891, and January 1, 1892 to December 31, 1892, by month 163
XII. Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total 164
XIII. Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total 164
XIV. Immigration to the United States from the Russian Empire, 1899 to 1910, by annual percentage of contribution of principal peoples 165
XV. Rate of immigration of peoples predominant in the immigration from Russia, 1899 to 1910 165
XVI. Rate of Jewish immigration from Russia per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910 166
XVII. Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade 166
XVIII. Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year 167
XIX. Total immigration from Roumania and Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1899 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total 168
XX. Rate of Jewish immigration from Roumania per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910 168
XXI. Jewish immigration from Austria Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade 169
XXII. Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year 169
XXIII. Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total 170
XXIV. Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total 170
XXV. Percentage of annual immigration from Austria-Hungary contributed by principal peoples, 1899 to 1910 171
XXVI. Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910 171
XXVII. Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade 172
XXVIII. Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by six-year period 172
XXIX. Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910 173
XXX. Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total 174
XXXI. Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by year and percentage Jewish of total 174
XXXII. Total and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by number and percentage of increase or decrease 175
XXXIII. Sex of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910 176
XXXIV. Sex of Jewish immigrant adults at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898 176
XXXV. Age of Jewish immigrants, 1809 to 1910 177
XXXVI. Age of Jewish immigrants at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898 177
XXXVII. Sex of total and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910 178
XXXVIII. Sex of European immigrants, 1899 to 1910 179
XXXIX. Age of European immigrants, 1899 to 1909 180
XL. Sex, 1899 to 1910, and age, 1899 to 1909, of Slavic immigrants 181
XLIA. Sex of Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1910, and of immigrants from Roumania. 1900 to 1910 181
XLIB. Age of Jewish and Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1909 181
XLII. Sex and age of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909 182
XLIII. Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1912 182
XLIV. Total and Jewish emigrant aliens and percentage Jewish immigrant aliens of total immigrant aliens, 1908 to 1912 183
XLV. European immigrant aliens admitted, and European emigrant aliens departed, 1908, 1909 and 1910 183
XLVI. Jewish immigration and emigration, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Roumania, 1908 to 1912 184
XLVII. Polish immigration and emigration, Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1908 to 1912 184
XLVIII. "Old" and "new" (Jewish excepted) and Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1910 185
XLIX. European immigrant aliens, 1907, and European emigrant aliens, 1908 185
L. Total European immigrants admitted and total of those admitted during this period in the United States previously, 1899 to 1910 186
LI. Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910 186
LII. Jewish immigrants reporting occupations, 1899 to 1910 187
LIII. Jewish immigrants engaged in professional occupations, 1899 to 1910 187
LIV. Jewish immigrants reporting skilled occupations, 1899 to 1910 188
LV. Occupations of total European and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1909, and percentage Jewish of total 189
LVI. Total European immigrants and immigrants without occupation, 1899 to 1910 189
LVII. Occupations of European immigrants reporting employment, 1899 to 1910 190
LVIII. Occupations of Slavic and Jewish immigrants reporting employment, 1890 to 1910 191
LIX. Occupations of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909 191