How to tithe.
Nowe that all these cornes before specyfyed be shorne, mowed, reped, bounden vp, and layde vppon the rydge of the lande, lette the housbande take hede of goddes commaundemente, and let hym goo 4 Count 9 sheaves, and cast out the tenth.
to the ende of his lande, and begynne and tell .ix. sheues, and let hym caste out the .x. shefe in the name of god, and so to pervse from lande to lande, tyll he haue trewely tythed all his corne. And beware, 8 and take hede of the sayinge of our lorde by his Malachi iii. 8, 9.
prophete Malachias, the whiche saythe, Quia michi non dedisti decimas et primitias, id circo in fame et penuria maledicti estis. That is to saye, Bycause ye haue not 12 gyuen to me your tythes, and your fyrste-fruytes, therefore ye be cursed, and punysshed with honger and Augustine.
penury. And accordynge to that saynte Austyn saythe: Da decimas, alioqui incides in decimam partem angelorum 16 Give tithes truly.
qui de celo corruerunt in infernum. That is to say, Gyue thy tythes truely, or els thou shalt fall amonge the tenthe parte of aungelles that felle from heuen in-to hell, the whiche is an harde worde to euery man, that oughte to 20 [Fol. 23.]
gyue tythes, and doth not gyue them truely. But saynte Augustine.
Austyne saythe a comfortable worde again, to them that gyue theyr tythes truely, that is to saye: Decimæ sunt Tithes are tributes to the needy.
tributa egentium animarum: Tythes are tributes or 24 rewardes to nedye soules. And ferther he saythe: Si decimam dederis, non solum abundantiam fructum recipies, sed etiam sanitatem corporis et animæ consequeris, That is to saye, If thou haue gyuen thy tythes truely, thou 28 shalte not onely receyue the profite, and the abundaunce of goodes, but also helthe of bodye and soule shall folowe. Wolde to god, that euerye man knewe the harde worde of our lorde by his prophete Malachias, 32 and also the comfortable wordes of the holy saynte Austyn. For than wolde I truste verely, that tythes shulde be truely gyuen.
31. ¶ Как следует укрывать все виды зерновых.
How to cover corn.
Nowe these cornes be shorne and bounden, and the tithes cast out, it is tyme to couer theym, shoke theym, or halfe-throne them, but couerynge is the beste waye [Fol. 23b.]
of all maner of whyte corne. And that is, to set foure 4 sheues on one syde, and .iiii. sheues on the other syde, Set ten sheaves together.
and two sheues aboue, of the greatteste, bounden harde nyghe to the nether ende, the whiche must be set vpwarde, and the top downewarde spredde abrode to couer all the 8 other sheues. And they wyll stand beste in wynde, and saue theym-selfe beste in rayne, and they wolde be set on the rydge of the lande, and the sayde sheues to leane to-gether in the toppes, and wyde at the grounde, that 12 For peas and beans set three together.
the winde may go through, to drye them. Pees and beanes wolde be set on the rydge of the lande, thre sheues together, the toppes vpwarde, and wrythen to-gether, and wyde benethe, that they maye the better 16 wyddre.
32. ¶ Грузить зерно и складывать его в стога.
To load corn.
Whanne all these cornes be drye and wyddred ynoughe, than lode theym in-to the barne, and laye euerye corne Make many mows, if it be wet.
by it-selfe. And if be a wete haruest, make many mowes: and if thou haue not housynge ynoughe, thanne it is 4 better to laye thy pees and benes without vppon a reke, than other corne, and it is better vppon a scaffolde than vppon the grounde: for than it muste be well hedged [Fol. 24.]
for swyne and catel, and the grounde wyll rotte the 8 bottom, and the scaffolde saueth both hedgynge and rottynge: but they must be well couered bothe. And the The scaffold.
husband may set shepe or catel vnder the same scaffold and wyll serue hym in stede of an house, if it be well 12 and surely made, &c.
33. ¶ Вторая вспашка.
August.
In August, and in the begynnyng of September, is Second stirring.
tyme to make his seconde sturrynge, and most commonly it is cast downe and plowed a meane forowe, not to depe nor to ebbe, so he turne it clene. And if it be caste, it 4 Water-furrow the land.
wolde be water-forowed bytwene the landes, there-as the reane shulde be, and it wyll be the dryer, whan the lande shall be sowen. And if the landes lie high in the ridge, & highe at the reane, & lowe in the 8 myddes of the side, that the water may not ronne easely in-to the reane, as I se dayly in many places: than let the husband set his plough .iii. or .iiii. fote from the How to ridge it up.
rydge, and cast all the rydge on bothe sydes, and whan 12 the rydge is cast, set his plough there-as he began, and rydge vp the remenant of the lande, and so is the land bothe cast and rydged, and all at one plowynge. And this [Fol. 24b.]
shall cause the lande to lye rounde, whan it is sowen 16 at the nexte tyme, and than shall it not drowne the corne.
34. Сеять пшеницу и рожь.
Michaelmas.
Aboute Myghelmasse it is tyme to sowe bothe wheate Sow wheat and rye.
and rye. Wheate is mooste commonlye sowen vnder the forowe, that is to saye, caste it vppon the falowe, and than plowe it vnder. And in some places they sowe theyr 4 Pease stubble.
wheate vppon theyr pees-stubble, the whiche is neuer soo good, as that that is sowen vppon the falowe: and that is vsed, where they make falowe in a fyelde euery In Essex a child sows.
fourthe yere. And in Essex they vse to haue a chylde, 8 to go in the forowe before the horses or oxen, with a bagge or a hopper full of corne: and he taketh his hande full of corne, and by lyttel and lytel casteth it in the He ought to have much discretion.
sayde forowe. Me semeth, that chylde oughte to haue 12 moche dyscretion.
Howe-be-it there is moche good corne, and rye is Sow 2 London bushels to an acre.
mooste commonlye sowen aboue and harrowed, and two London busshelles of wheate and rye wyll sowe an acre. 16 Some grounde is good for wheate, some for rye, and some is good for bothe: and vppon that ground sowe [Fol. 25.]
blend-corne, that is both wheate and rye, the whyche is the surest corne of growyng, and good for the husbandes 20 Wheat and rye mixed.
houshold. And the wheate, that shall be medled with rye, muste be suche as wyll soone be rype, and that is flaxen wheate, polerd wheate, or whyte wheate. And ye shall vnderstande, that there be dyuers maners of wheates. 24 Flaxen wheat.
Flaxen wheate hath a yelowe eare, and bare without anis, and is the bryghtest wheate in the busshell, and wyll make the whytest breed, and it wyll weare the grounde sore, and is small strawe, and wyll growe very thycke, 28 Pollard wheat.
and is but small corne. Polerde wheate hath noo anis, thycke sette in the eare, and wyll soone fall out, and is White wheat.
greatter corne, and wyll make whyte breed. Whyte wheate is lyke polerde wheate in the busshell, but it 32 hath anis, and the eare is foure-square, and wyll make white breed: and in Essex they call flaxen wheate Red wheat.
whyte wheate. Red wheate hath a flat eare, an inche brode, full of anis, and is the greatteste corne, and 36 the brodeste blades, and the greatteste strawe, and wyl make whyte breed, and is the rudeste of colour in the busshell.
English wheat.
Englysshe wheate hath a dunne eare, fewe anis or none, 40 and is the worste wheate, saue peeke-wheate. Peeke-wheete Peek-wheat.
hath a red eare, ful of anis, thyn set, and ofte [Fol. 25b.]
tymes it is flyntered, that is to saye, small corne wrynkeled and dryed, and wyll not make whyte breade, but it wyl 44 growe vpon colde grounde.
35. ¶ Молотить и веять зерно.
Carefully clean seed-corn.
This wheate and rye, that thou shalte sowe, ought to be very cleane of wede, and therfore, er thou thresshe thy corne, open thy sheues, and pyke oute all maner of wedes, and than thresshe it, and wynowe it cleane, 4 and so shalt thou haue good clene corne an other In Essex and Kent they fan the corn.
yere. And in some countreys, aboute London specyallye, and in Essex and Kente, they do fan theyr corne, the whiche is a verye good gise, and a great saueguarde for 8 shedynge of the corne. And whan thou shalte sell it, if it be well wynowed or fande, it wyll be solde the derer, and the lyghte corne wyll seme the husbande in his house. 12
36. ¶ Отделять горох, бобы и вику.
Sift your peas and beans.
Whan thou haste thresshed thy pees, and beanes, after they be wynowed, and er thou shalte sowe or selle them, let theym be well reed with syues, and seuered in [Fol. 26.]
thre partes, the great from the small, and thou shalte gette 4 in euerye quarter a London busshell, or there about. For Separate small from large.
the small corne lyeth in the holowe and voyde places of the greate beanes, and yet shall the greate beanes be solde as dere, as if they were all together, or derer, as a man 8 may proue by a famylier ensample. Let a man bye 120 herrings, at 2 a penny, cost 5 shillings;
.C. hearynges,[26] two hearynges for a penye, and an other .C. hearynges, thre for a peny, and let hym sell these .CC. hearinges agayne .v. heringes for .ii. d.; nowe hath 12 he loste .iiii. d. For C. hearinges, .ii. for i. d., cost v. s., 120 herrings, at 3 a penny, cost 3s. 4d.; or 8s. 4d. in all.
and C. hearynges, .iii. for a peny, coste .iii s. and .iiii d., the whiche is .viii. s and .iiii. d.; and whan he selleth .v. herynges for .ii. d., xx. heringes cometh but 16 to .viii. d. and there is but .xii. score heringes, and that
20 herrings, at 5 for 2d., cost 8d.; 12 times as much are 24 groats, or 8s.
is but .xii. grotes, and xii. grotes, and that cometh but to .viii. s. and so he hath lost .iiii. d. and it is bicause there be not so many bargeins, for in the bienge of these .CC. 20 heringes there be .v. score bargeins, and in the sellinge of the same there be but .xlviii. bargeyns, and so is there lost .x. hearinges, the whiche wolde haue ben .ii. Always buy by gross sale, and sell by retail.
bargeyns moo, and than it had ben euen and mete. And 24 therfore he that byeth grosse sale, and retayleth, muste nedes be a wynner. And so shalt thou be a loser, if thou sell thy pees, beanes, and fytches together: for than [Fol. 26b.]
thou sellest grosse sale. And if thou seuer them in thre 28 partes, than thou doest retayle, wherby thou shalte wynne.
37. ¶ Об овцах и в какое время года следует пускать баранов к овцам.
An housbande can not well thryue by his corne, without he haue other cattell, nor by his cattell, without corne. For els he shall be a byer, a borower, or Sheep are the most profitable cattle.
a begger. And bycause that shepe in myne opynyon is 4 the mooste profytablest cattell that any man can haue, therfore I pourpose to speake fyrst of shepe. Than fyrst is to be knowen, what tyme thou shalt put thy Rams and ewes.
rammes to thy ewes; and therin I make a distinction, for 8 euery man maye not put to theyr rammes all at one tyme; for if they doo, there wyll be greate hurte and losse; for that man, that hath the best shepe-pasture for wynter, and soone spryngynge in the begynnynge of the 12 yere, he maye suffre his rammes to goo with his ewes all tymes of the yere, to blyssomme or ryde whan they wyll: but for the comon pasture, it is tyme to put to his Sept. 14.
rammes at the Exaltation of the holye crosse: for than 16 [Fol. 27.]
the bucke goth to the rut, and so wolde the ramme. But for the common husbande, that hath noo pasture but the common fieldes, it is tyme ynoughe at the feste of Sept. 29.
saynt Mychaell the archangel. And for the poore 20 housbande of the Peeke, or suche other, that dwell in hylly and hyghe groundes, that haue no pastures, nor common fieldes, but all-onely the comon hethe, Symon Oct. 28.
and Jude daye is good tyme for theym, and this is the 24 reason why. An ewe goth with lambe .xx. wekes, and shall yeane her lambe in the .xxi. weke; & if she haue not conueniente newe grasse to eate, she maye not gyue her lambe mylke: and for wante of mylke, there be 28 manye lambes perysshed and loste: and also for pouertye, the dammes wyll lacke mylke, and forsake theyr lambes, and soo often tymes they dye bothe in suche harde countreys. 32
38. ¶ Заставить овцу полюбить своего ягненка.
If thy ewe haue mylke, and wyll not loue her lambe, put her in a narowe place made of bordes, or of smothe trouse, a yarde wyde, and put the lambe to her, and If a ewe
socle it, and yf the ewe smyte the lambe with her 4 heed, bynd her heed with a heye-rope, or a corde, to [Fol. 27b.]
smite her lamb, tie up her head.
the syde of the penne: and if she wyl not stande syde longe all the lambe,[27] than gyue her a lyttell hey, and tye a dogge by her, that she maye se hym: and 8 this wyll make her to loue her lambe shortely. And if thou haue a lambe deed, wherof the damme hath Put a dead lamb’s skin on a live lamb, and so change its dam.
moche mylke, fley that lambe, and tye that skynne vpon an other lambes backe, that hath a sory damme, with 12 lyttell mylke, and put the good ewe and that lambe to-gether in the penne, and in one houre she wyll loue that lambe; & than mayst thou take thy sory weyke ewe awaye, and put her in an other place: and by this 16 meanes thou mayste fortune to saue her lyfe, and the lambes bothe.
39. ¶ В какое время следует отнимать ягнят от груди.
In some places they neuer seuer their lambes from theyr dammes, and that is for two causes: One is, in the beste pasture where the rammes goo alwaye with In the best pastures, lambs wean themselves.
theyr ewes, there it nedeth not, for the dammes wil 4 waxe drye, and wayne theyr lambes theym-selfe. An other cause is, he that hath noo seuerall and sounde [Fol. 28.]
pasture, to put his lambes vnto whan they shoulde be wayned, he muste eyther sell them, or let them sucke 8 as longe as the dammes wyll suffre theym; and it is a common sayinge, that the lambe shall not rotte, as longe as it souketh, excepte the damme wante meate. Lambs to be weaned at 16 weeks, or 18.
But he that hath seueral and sounde pasture, it is tyme 12 to wayne theyr lambes, whanne they be .xvi. wekes old, or .xviii. at the farthest, and the better shall the ewe take the ramme agayne. And the poore man of the peeke countreye, and suche other places, where as 16 they vse to mylke theyr ewes, they vse to wayne theyr In the Peak, lambs are weaned at 12 weeks.
lambes at xii. wekes olde, and to mylke theyr ewes fiue or syxe wekes, &c. But those lambes be neuer soo good as the other that sucke longe, and haue 20 meate ynoughe.
40. ¶ Отбирать овец и разделять их по разным местам.
Than thou grasier, that hast many shepe in thy Have a large sheep-fold;
pastures, it is conuenient for the to haue a shepefolde made with a good hedge or a pale, the whiche wyll receyue all thy shepe easyly that goo in one pasture, 4 sette betwene two of thy pastures, in a drye place; [Fol. 28b.]
and adioynynge to the ende of the same, make an another to hold 90 sheep;
other lyttell folde, that wyll receyue lxxxx. shepe or moo, and bothe those foldes muste haue eyther of 8 theym a gate in-to eyther pasture, and at the ende of that folde make an other lyttell folde, that wyll and another for 40 sheep.
receyue .xl. shepe or mo, and betwene euery folde a gate. And whan the shepe are in the greate folde, 12 let .xl. of them, or there about, come into the myddle Let the shepherd examine them in the middle fold.
folde, and steke the gate. And than let the shepeherde turne them, and loke them on euery syde, and if he se or fynde any shepe, that nedeth any helpynge or mending 16 for any cause, lette the shepeherde take that shepe with his hoke, and put hym in the lyttell folde. And whan he hath taken all that nedeth any mendyng, than put the other in-to whether pasture he wyll, and let in as 20 Put the sick ones in the little fold.
many out of the greate folde, and take those that nede any handling, and put them into the lyttell folde. And thus peruse them all tyll he haue doone, and than let the shepeherde go belte, grese, and handel all those that he 24 hath drawen, and than shall not the great flocke be taryed nor kepte from theyr meate: and as he hath mended them, to put them into theyr pasture.
41. ¶ Стричь овец вокруг хвоста.
[Fol. 29.]
If any shepe raye or be fyled with dounge about the How to belt sheep.
the tayle, take a payre of sheres and clyppe it awaye, and cast dry muldes thervpon: and if it be in the heate of the sommer, it wolde be rubbed euer with a lyttell terre, to 4 Have a board to lay a sheep upon.
kepe awaye the flyes. It is necessarye that a shepeherde haue a borde, set fast to the syde of his lyttell folde, to laye his shepe vpon when he handeleth theym, and an hole bored in the borde with an augur, and therin a 8 grayned staffe of two fote longe, to be set fast, to hang A shepherd wants a dog, a hook, shears, and a tar-box.
his terre-boxe vpon, and than it shall not fall. And a shepeherde shoulde not go without his dogge, his shepe-hoke, a payre of sheres, and his terre-boxe, eyther with 12 hym, or redye at his shepe-folde, and he muste teche his dogge to barke whan he wolde haue hym, to ronne whan he wold haue hym, and to leue ronning whan he wolde haue hym; or els he is not a cunninge shepeherd. The 16 dogge must lerne it, whan he is a whelpe, or els it wyl not be: for it is harde to make an olde dogge to stoupe.
42. ¶ Смазывать овец.
How to grease sheep.
If any sheepe be scabbed, the shepeherde maye perceyue it by the bytynge, rubbyng, or scratchynge with [Fol. 29b.]
his horne, and mooste commonly the woll wyll ryse, and be thyn or bare in that place: than take hym, and shede 4 the woll with thy fyngers, there as the scab is, and with thy fynger laye a lyttell terre thervpon, and stroke it a lengthe in the bottom of the woll, that it be not seen Part the wool and put tar on.
aboue. And so shede the woll by and by, and laye a 8 lyttell terre thervppon, tyll thou passe the sore, and than it wyll go no farther.
43. ¶ Смешивать деготь.
How to mix tar.
Let thy terre be medled with oyle, gose-grease, or capons grease, these three be the beste, for these wyll make the terre to ronne abrode: butter and swynes grease, whan they be molten, are good, soo they be not salte; for 4 terre of hym-selfe is to kene, and is a fretter, and no healer, without it be medled with some of these.