«Книга о сельском хозяйстве»

142.A lesson made in Englysshe verses, that a gentylmans seruaunte shall forget none of his gere in his inne behynde hym. fo. lxv.93 143.A prologe for the wyues occupation. fo. eod.93 144.A lesson for the wyfe. fol. eod.94 145.What thynges the wyfe of ryghte is bounde to do. fol. lxvi.94 146.What warkes the wyfe oughte to doo generally. fo. eod.95 147.To kepe measure in spendynge. fo. lxvii.98 148.To eate within thy tedure. fo. lxviii.99 149.A shorte lesson vnto the husbande. fol. lxix.101 150.Howe menne of hye degree do kepe measure. fol. eodem101 151.Prodygalytie in outragyous and costelye araye. fol. lxx.102 152.Of delycyous meates and drynkes. fol. eod.103 153.Of outragious playe and game. fo. lxxi.104 154.A prologue of the thyrde sayinge of the philosopher. fo. lxxii.105 155.A dyuersytie bytwene predycation and doctryne. fol. eodem105 156.What is rychesse. fo. lxxiii.106 157.What is the propertie of a rych man. fo. lxxiiii.108 158.What ioyes & pleasures are in heuen. fo. lxxv.109 159.What thynge pleaseth god most. fol. lxxvi.109 160.What be goddes commaundementes. fo. eod.110 161.Howe a man shulde loue god and please hym. fol. eodem110 162.Howe a man shoulde loue his neyghbour. fol. lxxvii.111 163.Of prayer that pleaseth god verye moche. folio lxxviii.112 164.What thynge letteth prayer. fol. eod.112 165.Howe a man shulde praye. fo. lxxix.113 166.A mean to put away ydle thoughtes in prayenge. fol. lxxx.115 167.A meane to auoyde temptation. fol. lxxxi.116 168.Almes-dedes pleaseth god moche. fo. lxxxii.118 169.The fyrst maner of almes dede. fo. lxxxiii.119 170.The ii. maner of almes dede. fo. lxxxiiii.120 171.The iii. maner of almes dede. fol. lxxxv.121 172.What is the greattest offence that a man maye doo and offende god in. fo. lxxxvi.122

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Книга о хозяйствовании

[Fol. 1.]

1. ¶ Здесь начинается книга о хозяйствовании, и прежде всего — чем живут земледельцы.

Husbandmen live by the plough and by cattle.

The mooste generall lyuynge that husbandes can haue, is by plowynge and sowyng of theyr cornes, and rerynge or bredynge of theyr cattel, and not the one withoute the other. Than is the ploughe the moste necessaryest 4 instrumente that an husbande can occupy. Wherfore it is conuenyent to be knowen, howe a plough shulde be made.

2. ¶ Различные виды плугов.

Different kinds of ploughs.

There be plowes of dyuers makynges in dyuers countreys, and in lyke wyse there be plowes of yren of dyuers facyons. And that is bycause there be many maner of groundes and soyles. Some whyte cley, some 4 redde cley, some grauell or chylturne, some sande, some meane erthe, some medled with marle, and in many places heeth-grounde, and one ploughe wyll not serue in all places. Wherfore it is necessarye, to haue dyuers 8 [Fol. 1b.]

Somersetshire.

maners of plowes. In Sommersetshyre, about Zelcester, the sharbeame, that in many places is called the ploughe-hedde, is foure or fyue foote longe, and it is brode and thynne. And that is bycause the lande is verye toughe, 12 and wolde soke the ploughe into the erthe, yf the sharbeame Kent.

were not long, brode, and thynne. In Kente they haue other maner of plowes, somme goo with wheles, as they doo in many other places, and some wyll 16 tourne the sheldbredth at euery landes ende, and plowe Buckinghamshire.

all one waye. In Buckynghamshyre, are plowes made of an nother maner, and also other maner of ploughe-yrons, the whyche me semeth generally good, and lykely 20 to serue in many places, and specially if the ploughbeame and sharbeame be foure ynches longer, betwene the shethe and the ploughe-tayle, that the sheldbrede myght come more a-slope: for those plowes gyue out to sodeinly, 24 and therfore they be the worse to drawe, and for noo Leicestershire, &c.

cause elles. In Leycestershyre, Lankesshyre, Yorkeshyre, Lyncoln, Norfolke, Cambrydge-shyre, and manye other countreyes, the plowes be of dyuers makinges, the whyche 28 were to longe processe to declare howe, &c. But how so euer they be made, yf they be well tempered, and goo well, they maye be the better suffred.

[Fol. 2.]

3. ¶ Знать названия всех частей плуга.

Parts of the plough.

Men that be no husbandes maye fortune to rede this boke, that knowe not whiche is the ploughe-beame, the sharebeame, the ploughe-shethe, the ploughe-tayle, the stilte, the rest, the sheldbrede, the fenbrede, the roughe 4 staues, the ploughe-fote, the ploughe-eare or coke, the share, the culture, and ploughe-mal. Perauenture I gyue them these names here, as is vsed in my countre, and yet Plough-beam.

in other countreyes they haue other names: wherfore ye 8 shall knowe, that the ploughe-beame is the longe tree Share-beam.

aboue, the whiche is a lytel bente. The sharbeame is the Plough-sheath.

tre vnderneth, where-vpon the share is set; the ploughe-sheth 1is a thyn pece of drye woode, made of oke, that is 12 set fast in a morteys in the plough-beame, and also in to the share-beame, the whiche is the keye and the chiefe

Plough-tail.

bande of all the plough. The plough-tayle is that the husbande holdeth in his hande, and the hynder ende of 16 the ploughebeame is put in a longe slyt, made in the same tayle, and not set faste, but it maye ryse vp and go dow[n]e, and is pynned behynde, and the same ploughe-tayle is set faste in a morteys, in the hynder ende of the 20 [Fol. 2b.]

Plough-stilt.

sharebeame. The plough-stylte is on the ryghte syde of the ploughe, whervpon the rest is set; the rest is a lyttell Rest.

pece of woode, pynned fast vpon the nether ende of the stylt, and to the sharebeame in the ferther ende. The 24 Shield-board.

sheldbrede is a brode pece of wodde, fast pinned to the ryghte side of the shethe in the ferther ende, and to the Fen-board.

vtter syde of the stylte in the hynder ende. The fenbrede is a thyn borde, pynned or nayled moste commonly 28 to the lyft syde of the shethe in the ferther ende, and to the ploughe-tayle in the hynder ende. And the sayde sheldbrede wolde come ouer the sayde shethe and fenbrede an inche, and to come past the myddes of the 32 share, made with a sharpe edge, to receyue and turne the Rough staves.

erthe whan the culture hath cut it. There be two roughe staues in euery ploughe in the hynder ende, set a-slope betwene the ploughe-tayle and the stilt, to holde out 36 and kepe the plough abrode in the hynder ende, and the Plough-foot.

one lenger than the other. The plough-fote is a lyttell pece of wodde, with a croked ende set before in a morteys in the ploughe-beame, sette fast with wedges, to 40 dryue vppe and downe, and it is a staye to order of Plough-ear.

what depenes the ploughe shall go. The ploughe-eare is made of thre peces of yren, nayled faste vnto the ryght [Fol. 3.]

syde of the plough-beame. And poore men haue a 44 croked pece of wode pynned faste to the ploughbeame. Share.

The share is a pece of yren, sharpe before and brode behynde, a fote longe, made with a socket to be set on Coulter.

the ferther ende of the share-beame. The culture is a 48 bende pece of yren sette in a morteys in the myddes of the plough-beame, fastened with wedges on euery syde, and the backe therof is halfe an inche thycke and more, and three inches brode, and made kene before to cutte 52 the erthe clene, and it must be wel steeled, and that shall cause the easyer draughte, and the yrens to laste Plough-mall.

moche lenger. The plough-mal[21] is a pece of harde woode, with a pynne put throughe, set in the plough-beame, 56 in an augurs bore.

4. ¶ Настройка плугов.

Tempering of ploughs.

Nowe the plowes be made of dyuers maners; it is necessarye for an housbande, to knowe howe these plowes shulde be tempered, to plowe and turne clene, and to Rest-baulk.

make no reste-balkes. A reste-balke is where the plough 4 byteth at the poynte of the culture and share, and cutteth not the ground cleane to the forowe, that was plowed laste [Fol. 3b.]

before, but leaueth a lyttell rydge standynge betwene, the whiche dothe brede thistyls, and other wedes. All 8 these maner of plowes shulde haue all lyke one maner of temperyng in the yrens. Howe-be-it a man maye temper for one thynge in two or thre places, as for depnes. The fote is one: the setting of the culture of 12 a depnes, is a-nother: and the thyrde is at the ploughe-tayle, Slot wedges.

where be two wedges, that be called slote-wedges: the one is in the slote above the beame, the other in the saide slote, vnder the plough-beame; and other whyle 16 he wyll set bothe aboue, or bothe vndernethe, but alway let hym take good hede, and kepe one generall rule, that the hynder ende of the sharebeme alway touche the erthe, that it may kyll a worde,[22] or elles it goth not truly. The 20 Narrow and broad tempering.

temperynge to go brode and narowe is in the settyng of the culture: and with the dryuinge of his syde-wedges, forewedge, and helewedge, whiche wolde be made of Setting on of the share.

drye woode, and also the settynge on of his share helpeth 24 well, and is a connynge poynte of husbandry, and mendeth and payreth moch plowyng: but it is so narowe a point to know, that it is harde to make a man to vnderstande it by wrytynge, without he were at the operation 28 [Fol. 4.]

therof, to teache the practyue: for it muste leane moche in-to the forowe, and the poynt may not stande to moch vp nor downe, nor to moche in-to the lande, nor in-to Setting of the coulter.

the forowe. Howe-be-it, the settynge of the culture 32 helpeth moche. Somme plowes haue a bende of yron tryanglewise, sette there as the plough-eare shulde be, that hath thre nyckes on the farther syde. And yf he Seed-furrow.

wyll haue his plough to go a narowe forowe, as a sede-forowe 36 shulde be, than he setteth his fote-teame in the Mean furrow.

nycke nexte to the ploughe-beame; and yf he wyll go a meane bredth, he setteth it in the myddell nycke, Broad furrow.

that is beste for sturrynge; and if he wolde go a brode 40 forowe, he setteth it in the vttermoste nycke, that is beste for falowynge: The whyche is a good waye to kepe the bredthe, and soone tempered, but it serueth not the depenesse. And some men haue in stede of the plough-fote, 44 a piece of yron set vpryghte in the farther ende ‘A coke.’

of the ploughe-beame, and they calle it a coke, made with ii. or thre nyckes, and that serueth for depenes. Wheel-ploughs.

The plowes that goo with wheles, haue a streyghte 48 beame, and maye be tempred in the yron, as the other be, for the bredth; but their most speciall temper is at the bolster, where-as the plough-beame lyeth, and that serueth both for depnes and for bredth. And they be 52 [Fol. 4b.]

good on euen grounde that lyeth lyghte, but me semeth they be farre more costly than the other plowes. And thoughe these plowes be well tempred for one maner grounde, that tempre wyll not serue in an other maner 56 of grounde; but it muste reste in the dyscretion of the housbande, to knowe whanne it gothe well.

5. ¶ Необходимые вещи, относящиеся к плугу, телеге и возу.

Bows, yokes, &c.

Bvt or he begyn to plowe, he muste haue his ploughe and his ploughe-yren, his oxen or horses, and the geare that belongeth to them; that is to say, bowes, yokes, landes, stylkynges, wrethynge-temes. And or he shall 4 lode his corne, he muste haue a wayne, a copyoke, a payre of sleues, a wayne-rope, and a pykforke. This The wain.

wayne is made of dyuers peces, that wyll haue a greate reparation, that is to saye, the wheles, and those be made 8 of nathes, spokes, fellyes, and dowles, and they muste be well fettred with wood or yren. And if they be yren bounden, they are moche the better, and thoughe they [Fol. 5.]

be the derer at the fyrst, yet at lengthe they be better 12 Iron-bound wheels.

cheape; for a payre of wheles yren bounde wyl weare vii. or viii. payre of other wheles, and they go rounde and lyght after oxen or horses to draw. Howbeit on marreis ground and soft ground the other wheles be better, 16 bycause they be broder on the soule, and will not go so Axle-tree, linch-pins, and axle-pins.

depe. They must haue an axiltre, clout with .viii. waincloutes of yren, ii. lyn-pinnes of yren in the axiltre-endes, ii. axil-pynnes of yren or els of tough harde 20 wodde. The bodye of the wayne of oke, the staues, the nether rathes, the ouer rathes, the crosse somer, the keys and pikstaues. And if he go with a hors-ploughe, than muste he haue his horses or mares, or both his hombers or 24 collers, holmes whyted, tresses, swyngletrees, and togwith. The cart.

Alsoo a carte made of asshe, bycause it is lyghte, and lyke stuffe to it as is to a wayne, and also a cart-sadel, bakbandes, and belybandes, and a carte-ladder behinde, 28 whan he shall carye eyther corne or kyddes, or suche Cart-ladders.

other. And in many countreys theyr waynes haue carte-ladders bothe behynde and before. Also an husbande Axe, hatchet, &c.

muste haue an axe, a hachet, a hedgyngebyll, a pyn-awgur, 32 a rest-awgur, a flayle, a spade, and a shouell. And howe-be-it that I gyue theym these names, as is most comonly [Fol. 5b.]

vsed in my contrey, I knowe they haue other names in other contreyes. But hereby a manne maye perceyue 36 Expense of husbandry.

many thynges that belonge to husbandry, to theyr greate costes and charges, for the mayntenance and vpholdyng of the same. And many moo thynges are belongynge to husbandes than these, as ye shall well perceyue, er I 40 haue made an ende of this treatyse. And if a yonge husbande shulde bye all these thynges, it wolde be It is better to make than buy.

costely for hym: wherfore it is necessarye for hym to lerne to make his yokes, oxe-bowes, stooles, and all 44 maner of plough-geare.

6. ¶ Что лучше: плуг на лошадях или плуг на волах.

Ox-plough and horse-plough.

It is to be knowen, whether is better, a plough of horses, or a plough of oxen, and therin me semeth oughte to be made a distinction. For in some places an oxe-ploughe is better than a horse-plough, and in somme 4 places a horse-ploughe is better: that is to say, in euery place where-as the husband hath seueral pastures to put his oxen in whan they come fro theyr warke, there the oxe-ploughe The ox.

is better. For an oxe maye nat endure his 8 [Fol. 6.]

warke, to labour all daye, and than to be put to the commons, or before the herdman, and to be set in a folde all nyghte without meate, and go to his labour in the mornynge. But and he be put in a good pasture all 12 nyghte, he wyll labour moche of all the daye dayely.

And oxen wyl plowe in tough cley, and vpon hylly grounde, where-as horses wyll stande st[i]ll. And where-as The horse.

is noo seuerall pastures, there the horse-plowe is better, 16 for the horses may be teddered or tyed vpon leys, balkes, or hades, where as oxen maye not be kept: and it is not vsed to tedder them, but in fewe places.

And horses wyl goo faster than oxen on euen grounde 20 or lyght grounde, & be quicker for cariage: but they be ferre more costly to kepe in winter, for they must haue both hey and corne to eate, and strawe for lytter; they must be well shodde on all foure fete, and the gere that they 24 shal drawe with is more costely than for the oxen, and Oxen are cheap,

shorter whyle it wyll last. And oxen wyll eate but straw, and a lyttell hey, the whiche is not halfe the coste that horsis must haue, and they haue no shoes, as horses haue. 28 And if any sorance come to the horse, or [he] waxe olde, broysed, or blynde, than he is lyttell worthe. And if any sorance come to an oxe, [and he] waxe olde, broysed, or [Fol. 6b.]

blinde, for ii.s. he maye be fedde, and thanne he is mannes 32 and they can be eaten.

meate, and as good or better than euer he was. And the horse, whan he dyethe, is but caryen. And therfore me semeth, all thynges consydered, the ploughe of oxen is moche more profytable than the ploughe of horses. 36

7. ¶ Усердие и внимание, которые земледелец должен уделять своей работе, в виде другого пролога, и особое основание всего этого трактата.

Take pains, keep measure, and be rich.

Thou husbande, that intendeste to gette thy lyuynge by husbandry, take hede to the sayenge of the wyse phylosopher, the which sayth, Adhibe curam, tene mensuram, et eris diues. That is to saye, Take hede to thy charge, 4 kepe measure, and thou shalt be ryche. And nowe to speke of the fyrste artycle of these .iii. s[cilicet] Adhibe curam. He that wyll take vpon hym to do any thinge, and be slouthefull, recheles, and not diligent to execute 8 and to performe that thynge that he taketh vpon hym, he shall neuer thryue by his occupation. And to the same entente saythe our lorde in his gospell, by a parable. [Fol. 7.]

Luke ix. 62.

Nemo mittens manum suam ad aratrum respiciens retro, aptus 12 est regno dei. The spirytuall constructyon of this texte, I remytte to the doctours of dyuynitie, and to the greate clarkes; but to reduce and brynge the same texte to my No man, putting his hand to the plough, &c.

purpose, I take it thus. There is noo man, puttynge his 16 hande to the plough, lokyng backewarde, is worthy to haue that thynge that he oughte to haue. For if he goo to the ploughe, and loke backewarde, he seeth not whether the plough go in rydge or rayne, make a balke, 20 or go ouerthwarte. And if it do so, there wyll be lyttell Be not idle.

corne. And so if a man attende not his husbandrye, but goo to sporte or playe, tauerne or ale-house, or slepynge at home, and suche other ydle warkes, he is not than 24 Do what you came to do.

worthy to haue any corne. And therfore, Fac quod venisti, Do that thou comest fore, and thou shalte fynde that thou sekest fore, &c.

8. ¶ Как человеку следует пахать все виды земель во все времена года.

Times of the year.

Nowe these plowes be made and tempered, it is to be knowen howe a man shoulde plowe all tymes of the yere. In the begynnynge of the yere, after the feast of the Epiphany, it is tyme for a husbande to 4 [Fol. 7b.]

Plough leas early.

go to the ploughe. And if thou haue any leys, to falowe or to sowe otes vpon, fyrste plowe them, that the grasse and the mosse may rotte, and plowe them a depe square forowe. And in all maner of plowynge, 8 se that thy eye, thy hande, and thy fote do agree, and be alwaye redy one to serue a-nother, and to turne Lay the mould flat.

vp moche molde, and to lay it flat, that it rere not on edge. For if it rere on edge, the grasse and mosse 12 wyll not rotte. And if thou sowe it with winter-corne, as whete or ry, as moche corne as toucheth the mosse wyll be drowned, the mosse dothe kepe such wete in it self. And in some countreys, if a man plowe depe, 16 he shall passe the good grounde, and haue but lyttel corne: but that countrey is not for men to kepe husbandry vppon, but for to rere and brede catell or shepe, for Beeting land with mattocks.

elles they muste go beate theyr landes with mattockes, 20 as they do in many places of Cornewayle, and in som places of Deuonshyre.

9. ¶ Пахать под горох и бобы.

Peas and beans.

Howe to plowe for pees and beanes, were necessarye to knowe. Fyrst thou muste remember, whiche is [Fol. 8.]

mooste cley-grounde, and that plowe fyrste, and lette it lye a good space, er thou sowe it: bycause the 4 froste, the rayne, the wynde, and the sonne may cause it to breake smalle, to make moche molde, and to Plough a square furrow.

rygge it. And to plow a square forowe, the bredthe and the depenes all one, and to laye it close to his 8 felow. For the more forowes, the more corne, for a generall rule of all maner of cornes. And that may be proued at the comynge vp of all maner of corne, to stande at the landes ende and loke toward the other 12 ende; And than may ye se, howe the corne groweth.

10. Как сеять и горох, и бобы.

Sowing of peas and beans.

Thou shalt sowe thy peas vpon the cley-grounde, and thy beanes vpon the barley-grounde: for they wolde haue ranker grounde than pease. How-be-it some husbandes holde opynion, that bigge and styffe 4 grounde, as cley, wolde be sowen with bigge stuffe, as beanes; but me thynke the contrary. For if a dry sommer come, his beanes wil be shorte. And if the grounde be good, putte the more beanes to the pease, 8 and the better shall they yelde, whan they be thresshed. [Fol. 8b.]

And if it be very ranke grounde, as is moche at euery towne-syde, where catel doth resort, plowe not that lande, tyll ye wyll sowe it; for if ye do, there wyll 12 In rank ground sow beans.

come vppe kedlokes and other wedes. And than sowe it with beanes; for if ye sowe pees, the kedlokes wyll hurte them; and whan ye se seasonable time, sow both pees and beanes, so that they be sowen in the 16 begynnynge of Marche. Howe shall ye knowe seasonable If the land sing, it is too wet to sow.

tyme? go vppon the lande, that is plowed, and if it synge or crye, or make any noyse vnder thy fete, than it is to wete to sowe: and if it make no noyse, and 20 wyll beare thy horses, thanne sowe in the name of god. How to sow peas.

But howe to sowe? Put thy pees in-to thy hopper, and take a brode thonge, of ledder, or of garthe-webbe of an elle longe, and fasten it to bothe endes of the 24 hopper, and put it ouer thy heed, lyke a leysshe; and stande in the myddes of the lande, where the sacke lyethe, the whiche is mooste conueniente for the fyllynge of thy hopper, and set thy lefte foote before, and take 28 an handefull of pees: and whan thou takeste vp thy ryghte foote, than caste thy pees fro the all abrode; and whan thy lefte fote ryseth, take an other handeful, and whan the ryght fote ryseth, than cast them fro the. 32 [Fol. 9.]

And so at euery ii. paces, thou shalte sowe an handful of pees: and so se that the fote and the hande Cast them wide.

agree, and than ye shal sowe euen. And in your castynge, ye muste open as well your fyngers as your hande, 36 and the hyer and farther that ye caste your corne, the better shall it sprede, excepte it be a greatte wynde. And if the lande be verye good, and wyll breke small in the plowynge, it is better to sowe after the ploughe 40 thanne tarye any lenger.

11. ¶ Семена осмотрительности.

Seed of Discretion.

There is a sede, that is called Discretion, and if a husband haue of that sede, and myngle it amonge his other cornes, they wyll growe moche the better; for that sede wyll tell hym, how many castes of corne 4 euery lande ought to haue. And a yonge husbande, and may fortune some olde husbande, hath not sufficyente Borrow discretion, if you have it not.

of that sede: and he that lackethe, let hym borowe of his neyghbours that haue. And his neyghbours 8 be vnkynde, if they wyll not lende this yonge housbande parte of this sede. For this sede of Discretion hath a wonders property: for the more that it is taken of or lente, the more it is. And therfore me semeth, 12 [Fol. 9b.]

it shoulde be more spyrituall than temporall, wherin Temporal things, when divided, wane.

is a greate dyuersitie. For a temporall thynge, the more it is deuyded, the lesse it is: and a spirytuall thynge, the more it is deuided, the more it is. Verbi 16 gratia. For ensaumple, I put case a wyfe brynge a lofe of breade to the churche, to make holy breade of; whan it is cut in many smal peces, and holy breade made therof, there may be so many men, women, 20 and children in the churche, that by that tyme the priest hath delte to euery one of them a lyttell pece, there shall neuer a crume be lefte in the hamper. And a Spiritual things, when divided, wax.

spiritualle thynge as a Pater-noster, or a prayer, that any 24 man can say, let hym teache it to .xx., a .C., or to a .M., yet is the prayer neuer the lesse, but moche more. And so this sede of Discrecion is but wisdome and reason: and he that hath wysedome, reason, and discretion may teche 28 it, and enforme other men as he is bounde to do. Wherein he shall haue thanke of god: and he doth but as god hath Matt. x. 8.

commaunded hym in his gospell, Quod gratis accepistis, gratis date: That thynge that ye toke frely, gyue it frely 32 again, and yet shall ye haue neuer the lesse.

12. ¶ Как следует сеять все виды зерновых.

[Fol. 10.]

Bvt yet me thynkethe it is necessarye to declare, howe all maner of corne shuld be sowen, and howe moch vpon an acre most comonly, and fyrste of pease and An acre of ground.

beanes. An acre of grounde, by the statute, that is to say 4 xvi. fote and a half to the perche or pole, foure perches to an acre in bredth, and fortye perches to an acre in London bushels.

lengthe, may be metelye well sowen with two London busshelles of pease, the whyche is but two strykes in 8 other places. And if there be the .iiii. parte beanes, than wylle it haue halfe a London bushelle more: and yf it be halfe beanes, it wyll haue thre London bushels: and if it be all beanes, it wyll haue foure London busshelles fullye, 12 and that is half a quarter; bycause the beanes be gret, and grow vp streight, & do not sprede and go abrode as Beans worth more than peas.

pease do. An acre of good beanes is worth an acre & a half of good pees, bycause there wylle be more busshelles. 16 And the beste propertie that belongeth to a good husband is, to sowe all maner of corne thycke ynough, and specially beanes and barley. For commonly they be sowen vpon ranke ground, and good grounde wylle haue 20 the burthen of corne or of wede. And as moche plowynge and harowynge hath an acre of grounde, and [Fol. 10b.]

sowe thervppon but oone busshelle, as yf he sowed .iiii. busshelles. And vndoutedly .i. busshell may not gyue so 24 moche corne agayne, as the .iiii. busshels, though the .iii. bushels, that he sowed more, be alowed and set aparte. White, green, and grey peas.

And i. busshel and an halfe of white or grene pees, wyll sowe as moche grounde, as two busshels of gray pees: 28 and that is bycause they be so smal, and the husband nedeth not to take so great an handful. In some countreys they begyn to sowe pees soone after Christmasse: and in some places they sowe bothe pees and 32 beanes vnder forowe: and those of reson must be sowen Feb. 2.

betyme. But moste generally, to begyn sone after Candelmasse is good season, so that they be sowen ere the begynnynge of Marche, or sone vpon. And specially let 36 them be sowen in the olde of the mone. For thopinion of olde husbandes is, that they shoulde the better codde, and the sooner be rype. But I speke not of hasty pees, for they be sowen before Christmasse, &c. 40

13. ¶ Сеять ячмень.

Barley.

Every good housbande hath his barleye-falowe well dounged, and lyenge rygged all the depe and colde of wynter; the whiche ryggynge maketh the lande to be [Fol. 11.]

drye, and the dongynge maketh it to be melowe and 4 ranke. And if a drye season come before Candelmasse, or sone after, it wolde be caste downe and waterforowed bytwene the landes, that the wete rest not in the raine: and in the begynnynge of Marche, rydge it vppe agayne, 8 Sow five bushels to the acre.

and to sowe in euery acre fyue London bushelles, or foure at the leaste. And some yeres it maye so fortune, that there cometh no seasonable wether before Marche, to plowe his barley-erthe. And as soone as he hath 12 sowen his pees and beanes, than let hym caste his barley-erthe, and shortly after rygge it agayne: soo that it be sowen before Apryll. And if the yere-tyme be paste, than sowe it vpon the castynge. 16

¶ It is to be knowen that there be thre maner of barleys, that is to say, sprot-barleye, longe-eare, and beare-barley, Sprot-barley.

that some menne call bigge. Sprot-barley hath a flat eare most comonly, thre quarters of an inche brode, 20 and thre inches long, and the cornes be very great Long-ear.

and white, and it is the best barley. Long-eare hath a flatte eare, halfe an inche brode, and foure inches and more of length: but the corne is not so greate 24 nor soo whyte, and sooner it wyll turne and growe Bear-barley.

to otes. Bere-barleye or bygge wolde be sowen vppon [Fol. 11b.]

lyghte and drye grounde, and hathe an eare thre ynches of lengthe or more, sette foure-square, lyke pecke-whete, 28 small cornes, and lyttel floure, and that is the worste barley, and foure London bushels are suffycient for an acre. And in some countreyes, they do not sowe theyr barley tyll Maye, and that is mooste commonly vpon 32 grauel or sandy grounde. But that barley generally is Sow in March.

neuer soo good as that that is sowen in Marche. For if it be verye drie wether after it be sowen, that corne that lyeth aboue, lyeth drie, and hath noo moysture, and that 36 that lyeth vndernethe, commeth vp: and whan rayne cometh, than sprutteth that that lyeth aboue, and often-tymes it is grene whan the other is rype: and whan it is thresshen, there is moche lyghte corne, &c. 40

14. Сеять овес.

Oats.

And in Marche is tyme to sowe otes, and specially vpon lyght grounde & drie, howe-be-it they wylle grow on weter grounde than any corne els: for wete grounde is good for no maner of corne; and thre London bushels 4 wyl sowe an acre.

[Fol. 12.]

And it is to be knowen, that there be .iii. maner of otes, Red oats.

that is to saye, redde otes, blacke otes, and roughe otes. Red otes are the beste otes, and whan they be thresshed, 8 they be yelowe in the busshell, and verye good to make Black oats.

otemele of. Blacke otes are as great as they be, but they haue not so moche floure in them, for they haue a thycker huske, and also they be not so good to make otemele. 12 Rough oats.

The roughe otes be the worste, and it quiteth not the coste to sowe them: they be very lyghte, and haue longe tayles, wherby they wyll hange eche one to other. All these maner of otes weare the grounde very sore, and 16 Observe how thick to sow.

maketh it to beare quyche. A yonge housbande ought to take hede, howe thycke he sowethe all maner of corne, two or three yeres: and to se, howe it cometh vp, and whether it be thycke ynoughe or not: and if it be thynne, 20 sowe thycker the nexte yere: and if it be well, holde his hande there other yeres: and if it be to thynne, let hym remember hym selfe, whether it be for the vnseasonablenes of the wether, or for thyn sowynge. And so 24 his wysedome and discretion muste discerne it.

15. ¶ Боронить все виды зерновых.

[Fol. 12b.]

Nowe these landes be plowed, and the corne sowen, it is conuenient, that they be well harowed; or els crowes, Harrowing.

doues, and other byrdes wyll eate and beare awaye the cornes. It is vsed in many countreys, the husbandes to 4 The ox-harrow.

haue an oxe-harowe, the whiche is made of sixe smal peces of timbre, called harowe-bulles, made eyther of Harrow-bulls.

asshe or oke; they be two yardes longe, and as moche as the small of a mannes legge, and haue shotes[23] of wode 8 put through theym lyke lathes, and in euery bull are syxe sharpe peces of yren called harowe-tyndes, set some-what a-slope forwarde, and the formes[t] slote[24] must be bygger than the other, bycause the fote-teame shall be fastened 12 to the same with a shakyll, or a withe to drawe by. This The horse-harrow.

harrowe is good to breake the greatte clottes, and to make moche molde, and than the horse-harowes to come after, to make the clottes smaller, and to laye the grounde euen. 16 It is a greate labour and payne to the oxen, to goo to ‘The ox is never woe, Till he to the harrow go.’

harowe: for they were better to goo to the plowe two dayes, thanne to harowe one daye. It is an olde saying, ‘The oxe is neuer wo, tyll he to the harowe goo.’ And 20 it is bycause it goeth by twytches, and not alwaye [Fol. 13.]

after one draughte. The horse-harrowe is made of fyue bulles, and passe not an elne of lengthe, and not soo moche as the other, but they be lyke sloted and tinded. 24 And whan the corne is well couered, than it is harowed ynough. There be horse-harowes, that have tyndes of wodde: and those be vsed moche about Ryppon, and Boulder-stones.

suche other places, where be many bulder-stones. For 28 these stones wold weare the yren to soone, and those Tines of the harrow made of ash.

tyndes be mooste commonly made of the grounde ende of a yonge asshe, and they be more thanne a fote longe in the begynnynge, and stande as moche aboue the harowe 32 as benethe.

And as they weare, or breake, they dryue them downe lower; and they wolde be made longe before, ere they be occupied, that they maye be drye; for than they shall 36 endure and last moche better, and stycke the faster. Horses for harrows.

The horses that shall drawe these harowes, muste be well kepte and shodde, or elles they wyll soone be tyred, and sore beate, that they may not drawe. They must haue 40 hombers or collers, holmes withed about theyr neckes, Swingle-tree.

tresses to drawe by, and a swyngletre to holde the tresses abrode, and a togewith to be bytwene the swyngletre and the harowe. And if the barleye-grounde wyll not breake 44 with harrowes, but be clotty, it wolde be beaten with [Fol. 13b.]

malles, and not streyght downe; for than they beate the corne in-to the erthe. And if they beate the clot on the syde, it wyll the better breake. And the clot wyll lye 48 lyghte, that the corne maye lyghtely come vp. And they Rolling the ground.

vse to role theyr barley-grounde after a shoure of rayne, to make the grounde euen to mowe, &c.

16. ¶ Паровать.

Nowe these housbandes haue sowen theyr pees, beanes, barley, and otes, and harowed them, it is the beste tyme, Fallow in April.

to falowe, in the later ende of Marche and Apryll, for whete, rye, and barley. And lette the husbande do the 4 Plough broad and deep.

beste he can, to plowe a brode forowe and a depe, soo that he turne it cleane, and lay it flat, that it rere not on the edge: the whiche shall destroy all the thistils and wedes. For the deper and the broder that he gothe, 8 the more newe molde, and the greatter clottes shall he haue, and the greatter clottes, the better wheate. For the clottes kepe the wheate warme all wynter, and at Marche they wyll melte and breake, and fal in manye 12 small peces, the whiche is a newe dongynge, and refresshynge [Fol. 14, misprinted 16.]

of the corne. And also there shall but lyttell wedes growe vpon the falowes, that are so falowed. For the plough goth vndernethe the rootes of all maner of 16 Never fallow in winter; else

wedes, and tourneth the roote vpwarde, that it maye not growe. And yf the lande be falowed in wynter tyme, it is farre the worse, for three principall causes. One is, all the (1) rain will wash the land;

rayne that commeth, shal washe the lande, and dryue 20 awaye the dounge and the good moulde, that the lande (2) rain will beat it flat;

shall be moche the worse. An other cause is, the rayne shall beate the lande so flat, and bake it so hard to-gyther, that if a drye Maye come, it wyll be to harde to stere in 24 (3) the weeds will take deep root.

the moneth of June. And the thyrde cause is, the wiedes shall take suche roote, er sterynge-tyme comme, that they wylle not be cleane tourned vndernethe, the whiche shal be great hurte to the corne, whan it shall be sowen, and 28 specially in the weding-tyme of the same; and for any other thynge, make a depe holowe forowe in the rydge of

Do not rest-baulk.

the lande, and loke wel, thou rest-balke it nat; for if thou do, there wyll be many thystels: and than thou 32 shalte not make a cleane rydge at the fyrste sterynge, and therfore it muste nedes be depe plowed, or elles thou shalt nat tourne the wiedes cleane.

[Fol. 14b.]

17. ¶ Вывозить навоз или грязь и разбрасывать его.

And in the later ende of Apryll, and the begynnynge of Carry out dung.

Maye, is tyme to cary out his dounge or mucke, and to lay it vppon his barley-grounde. And where he hath barley this yere, sowe it with whete or rye the next 4 tyme it is falowed, and so shal he mucke all his landes ouer at euerye seconde falowe. But that husbande that can fynd the meanes to cary oute his donge, and to laye Lay dung on the land after the first stirring,

it vpon his lande after it be ones sturred: it is moche 8 better than to laye it vppon his falowe, for dyuer causes. One is, if it be layde vpon his fallowe, all that fallethe in the holowe rygge shall do lyttell good; for whan it is rygged agayne, it lyeth soo depe in the erthe, that 12 it wyll not be plowed vp agayne, excepte that whan he hath sprede it, he wyll with a shouell, or a spade, caste out all that is fallen in the rygge. And if it be layde and soon after stirring.

vpon the sturrynge, at euery plowynge it shall medle 16 the donge and the erthe togyder, the whiche shall cause the corne moche better to growe and encreace. And in somme places, they lode not theyr donge, tyll harvest be done, & that is vsed in the farther 20 [Fol. 15.]

syde of Darbyshyre, called Scaresdale, Halomshyre, and so northewarde towarde Yorke and Ryppon: and that I calle better thanne vppon the falowe, and specyally for barley: but vppon the fyrste sturrynge, is beste 24 for wheate and rye, and that his dunge be layde vpon Spread it evenly.

smal hepes nygh together, and to sprede it euenly, and to leue no dounge there-as the mucke-hepe stode, for the moystnes of the dounge shall cause the grounde to 28 Mix it with earth.

be ranke ynoughe. And if it be medled with erthe, as sholynges and suche other, it wyll laste the longer, and better for barley than for whete or rye, bycause of wedes. Horse-donge is the worste donge that is. The 32 donge of all maner catell, that chewe theyr cudde, Doves’ dung.

is verye good. And the dounge of douues is best, but it must be layde vppon the grounde verye thynne.

18. ¶ Устраивать овчарню.

The sheep-fold.

Also it is tyme to set out the shepefolde in May, and to sette it vppon the rye-grounde, if he haue any, and to flyte it euery mornynge or nyght: and in the mornynge, whan he cometh to his folde, let not his 4 [Fol. 15b.]

shepe out anone, but reyse theym vp, and let them stande stylle good season, that they may donge and See if the sheep have maggots.

pysse. And go amonge them to se whether any of them haue any mathes, or be scabbed: and se them 8 thre or foure tymes on the oone syde, and as ofte on the other syde. And whan the kelles begonne besyde the grounde, than lette theym out of the folde, and dryue theym to the soundest place of the felde. But 12 Folding sheep is not a good plan.

he that hath a falowe felde, seueral to hym-selfe, let hym occupie no folde. For foldynge of shepe maketh them scabbed, and bredeth mathes; and whanne a storme of yll wether commeth in the night, they can 16 nat flee nor go awaye, and that appeyreth them sore of their flesshe. But lette that man that hath such a Drive stakes in the field.

seueral falowe-felde, driue twentie, thyrty, or forty stakes, accordynge to the nombre of his shepe, vpon his falowe, 20 where he wolde sette his folde, and specially in the farthest parte of the fyelde frome thense as they comme in, for the goynge vppon dothe moche good. And lette the sheparde brynge his shepe to the stakes, and 24 The sheep will rub against them.

the sheepe wylle rubbe them on the stakes. And lette the sheparde goo aboute them, tyll they be sette, and thus serue theym two or three nyghtes, and they wyll folowe those stakes, as he flytteth them, and syt by 28 [Fol. 16, misprinted 14.]

them. And if any yll wether come, they will ryse vp, and go to the hedge. And this maner of foldynge shall brede noo mathes nor scabbe, nor appeyre theym of theyr flesshe, and shall be a greate sauegarde to the 32 shepe for rottynge: and in the mornynge put them out of theyr pasture, and thou shalte not nede to bye any Use no hurdles.

hurdels nor shepe-flekes; but howe ye shall salue them or dresse them, ye shall vnderstande in the chaypter of 36 shepe after.

19. ¶ Возить дрова и другие необходимые вещи.

In May carry wood.

And in May, whan thou hast falowed thy grounde, and set oute thy shepefolde, and caryed oute thy dounge or mucke, if thou haue any wodde, cole, or tymbre to cary, or suche other busynes, that muste nedes be doone, 4 with thy charte or wayne, than is it tyme to do it. For The days are then long.

than the waye is lyke to be fayre and drye, and the days longe, and that tyme the husbande hath leeste to doo in husbandry. Perauenture I set one thynge to be done at 8 one tyme of the yere, and if the husbande shulde do it, it shulde be a greatter losse to hym in an other thynge. [Fol. 16b.]

Wherefore it is moste conuenient to do that thynge fyrst, that is moste profytable to hym, and as soone as he 12 can, do the other labour.

20. ¶ Знать различные виды сорняков.

In June weed the corn.

In the later ende of Maye, and the begynnynge of June, is tyme to wede thy corne. There be diuers maner of wedes, as thistyls, kedlokes, dockes, cocledrake, darnolde, gouldes, haudoddes, dogfenell, mathes, ter, 4 and dyuers other small wedes. But these be they that Thistles.

greue mooste: The thistyll is an yll wede, roughe and sharpe to handell, and freteth away the cornes nygh it, and causeth the sherers or reapers not to shere cleane. 8 Charlock.

Kedlokes hath a leafe lyke rapes, and beareth a yelowe floure, and is an yll wede, and groweth in al maner corne, and hath small coddes, and groweth lyke mustard sede. Docks.

Dockes have a brode lefe, and diuers high spyres, and 12 Cockle.

very small sede in the toppe. Cockole hath a longe small lefe, and wyl beare fyue or vi. floures of purple colour, as brode as a grote, and the sede is rounde and blacke, and maye well be suffred in a breade-corne, but not in sede, 16 ‘Drake.’

for therin is moche floure. Drake is lyke vnto rye, till it [Fol. 17.]

begynne to sede, and it hath many sedes lyke fenell-sedes, and hangeth downewarde, and it maye wel be suffred in breade, for there is moche floure in the sede: and it is an 20 Darnel.

opinion that it commeth of rye, &c. Dernolde groweth vp streyght lyke an hye grasse, and hath longe sedes on eyther syde the sterte, and there is moche floure in that sede, and growethe moche amonge barley: and it is 24 Golds.

sayde, that it cometh of small barley. Golds hath a shorte iagged lefe, and groweth halfe a yarde hygh, and hath a yelowe floure, as brode as a grote, and is an yll wede, and Hawdod.

groweth commonlye in barleye and pees. Hawdod hath 28 a blewe floure, and a fewe lyttell leues, and hath .v. or syxe braunches, floured in the toppe: and groweth comonly in Dog-fennel.

rye vpon leane grounde, and dothe lyttel hurte. Dogge-fenell and mathes is bothe one, and in the commynge vp 32 is lyke fenell and beareth many white floures, with a yelowe sede: and is the worste wede that is, excepte terre, and it commeth moste commonly, whan great wete commeth Tares.

shortly after the corne is sowen. Terre is the 36 worste wede, and it neuer dothe appere tyll the moneth of June, and specyallye whanne there is great wete in that mone, or a lyttell before, and groweth mooste in rye, and it groweth lyke fytches, but it is moche smaller, and 40 [Fol. 17b.]

it wyll growe as hyghe as the corne, and with the weyght therof it pulleth the corne flatte to the erth, and freteth the eares away; wherfore I haue seene housbandes mowe downe the corne and it together: And also with sharp 44 hokes to repe it, as they doo pees, and made drye, and than it wyll be good fodder.

Dee-nettles.

There be other wedes not spoken of, as dee-nettylles, Dodder.

dodder, and suche other, that doo moche harme. 48

21. ¶ Как полоть зерно.

How to weed.

Nowe it wolde be knowen, howe these cornes shulde be weded. The chyefe instrument to wede with is a paire of tonges made of wode, and in the farther ende it is nycked, to holde the wed faster; and after a shoure of 4 raine it is beste wedynge, for than they maye be pulled vp by the rotes, and than it cometh neuer agayne. And Weeding-hook.

if it be drye wether, than muste ye haue a wedynge-hoke with a socket set vpon a lyttel staffe of a yarde longe, and 8 this hoke wolde be well steeled, and grounde sharpe bothe Forked stick.

behynde and before. And in his other hande he hath a forked stycke a yarde longe, and with his forked stycke [Fol. 18.]

he putteth the wede from hym, and he putteth the hoke 12 beyond the rote of the wede, and pulleth it to hym, and cutteth the wede fast by the erthe, and with his hoke he taketh up the wede, and casteth it in the reane, and if the reane be full of corne, it is better it stande styll, 16 whan it is cut, and wyddre: but let hym beware, that he trede not to moche vppon the corne, and specyallye after Cut not the corn.

it is shotte, and whan he cutteth the wede, that he cut not the corne: and therefore the hoke wolde not passe 20 an inche wyde. And whanne the wede is soo shorte, that he can not with his forked stycke put it from hym, and with the hoke pull it to hym, thanne muste he set his hoke vppon the wede, fast by the erthe, and put it 24 from hym, and so shall he cutte it cleane. And with Stoop not.

these two instruments, he shall neuer stoupe to his warke. Dogfenell, goldes, mathes, and kedlokes are yll to wede after this maner, they growe vppon so many braunches, 28 Pull up darnel.

harde by the erthe: and therfore they vse most to pul them vppe with theyr handes; but loke well, that they pull not vppe the corne with all; but as for terre, there wyll noo wedynge serue. 32

22. ¶ Первая вспашка.

[Fol. 18b.]

Also in June is tyme to rygge vppe the falowe, the whiche is called the fyrst sturrynge, and to plowe it as depe as thou canste, for to tourne the rotes of the wedes vpwarde, that the sonne and the drye wether maye kyll 4 them. And an housbande can not conuenyentelye plowe How to plough and load out dung.

his lande, and lode out his dounge bothe vppon a daye, with one draughte of beastes: but he maye well lode oute his dounge before none, and lode heye or corne at-after 8 none: or he maye plowe before none, and lode hey or corne at-after none, with the same draughte, and noo hurte to the cattell: bycause in lodynge of hey or corne, the cattel is alwaye eatynge or beytynge, and soo they 12 can not doo in lodynge of dounge and plowynge.

23. ¶ Косить траву.

End of June.

Also in the later ende of June is tyme to begyn to mowe, if thy medowe be well growen: but howe-so-euer July.

they be growen, in July they muste nedes mowe, for diuers causes. One is, it is not conuenient to haue hey 4 Mow hay early.

and corne bothe in occupation at one tyme. An other is, the yonger and the grener that the grasse is, the softer [Fol. 19.]

and the sweter it wyll be, whan it is hey, but it wyll haue the more wyddrynge; and the elder the grasse is, the 8 harder and dryer it is, and the worse for al maner of cattell: for the sedes be fallen, the whiche is in maner of prouander, and it is the harder to eate and chowe. And an other cause is, if drye wether come, it wyll drye 12 and burne vpon the grounde, and waste away. Take How to mow.

hede that thy mower mow clene and holde downe the hynder hand of his sith, that he do not endent the grasse, and to mowe his swathe cleane thorowe to that that 16 was laste mowen before, that he leaue not a mane bytwene, and specyallye in the common medowe: for in the seuerall medowe it maketh the lesse charge, and that Mole-hills.

the moldywarpe-hilles be spredde, and the styckes cleane 20 pycked out of the medowe in Apryll, or in the beginnynge of Maye.

24. ¶ Как следует делать вилы и грабли.

Forks and rakes.

A Good husbande hath his forkes and rakes made redye in the wynter before, and they wolde be gotte bytwene Mighelmasse and Martylmasse, and beyked, and [Fol. 19b.]

sette euen, to lye vpryght in thy hande: and than they 4 wyll be harde styffe and drye. And whan the housbande sytteth by the fyre, and hath nothynge to do, than maye he make theym redye, and tothe the rakes with drye wethy-wode, Bore holes for the teeth of the rakes.

and bore the holes with his wymble, bothe aboue 8 and vnder, and driue the tethe vpwarde faste and harde, and than wedge them aboue with drye woode of oke, for that is hard, and wil driue and neuer come out. And if he get them in sappe-tyme, all the beykyng and drienge 12 that can be had shal not make them harde and styffe, Use hazel and withy.

but they woll alwaye be plyenge: for they be moste comonly made of hasell and withee, and these be the trees that blome, and specially hasell: for it begynneth 16 Use no green wood.

to blome as sone as the lefe is fallen. And if the rake be made of grene woode, the heed wyll not abyde vppon the stele, and the tethe wyll fall out, whan he hath mooste nede to them, and let his warke, and lose 20 Make all evenly.

moche heye. And se that thy rake and forke lye vpryghte in thy hand, for and the one ende of thy rake, or the syde of thy forke, hang downe-warde, than they be not handsome nor easy to worke with. 24

25. ¶ Ворошить и делать сено.

[Fol. 20.]

Whan thy medowes be mowed, they wolde be well Tedding hay.

tedded and layde euen vppon the grounde: and if the grasse be very thycke, it wolde be shaken with handes, Ted hay carefully.

or with a shorte pykforke. For good teddynge is the 4 chiefe poynte to make good hey, and than shall it be wyddred all in lyke, or elles not: and whan it is wel wyddred on the ouer syde, and dry, than turne it cleane before noone, as soone as the dewe is gone: And yf thou 8 dare truste the wether, lette it lye so all nyghte: and on the nexte daye, tourne it agayne before none, and towarde nyght make it in wyndrowes, and than in smal Hay-cocks.

hey-cockes, and so to stande one nyghte at the leaste, and 12 sweate: and on the nexte fayre day caste it abrode agayne, and tourne it ones or twyse, and than make it Larger hay-cocks.

in greatter hey-cockes, and to stande so one nyght or more, that it maye vngiue and sweate. For and it sweate 16 not in the hey-cockes, it wyll sweate in the mowe; and than it wyll be dustye, and not holsome for hors, beastes, nor shepe. And whan it standeth in the cockes, it is better to lode, and the more hey maye be loded at a lode, 20 Quich-hay.

and the faster it wyll lye. Quyche-hey commeth of a grasse called crofote, and groweth flatte, after the erthe, [Fol. 20b.]

and bearethe a yelowe floure halfe a yarde hygh and more, and hath many knottes towarde the roote, and it 24 is the beste hey for horses and beastes, and the sweteste, if it be well got; but it wyll haue moch more wyddrynge than other hey, for els he wyll be-pysse hym-selfe and How to know when hay is dry.

waxe hote, and after dustye. And for to knowe whanne 28 it is wyddred ynoughe, make a lyttell rope of the same, that ye thinke shulde be moste greneste, and twyne it as harde to-gether bytwen your handes as ye canne, and soo Twist a wisp, and then cut it.

beynge harde twon, let one take a knyfe, and cut it faste 32 by your hande; and the knottes wyll be moyste, yf it be not drye ynough. Shorte hey, and leye-hey, is good for shepe, and all maner of catell, if it be well got. A man maye speke of makynge of hey, and gettynge of corne, 36 but god disposeth and ordreth all thynge.

26. ¶ Как следует жать рожь.

In July, shear rye.

In the later ende of July, or in the begynnynge of Auguste, is tyme to shere Rye, the whiche wolde be shorne cleane, and faste bounden. And in somme places they mowe it, the whiche is not soo good to the 4 housbandes profytte, but it is the sooner done. For [Fol. 21.]

whan it is mowen, it wyll not be so fast bounden: and he can not gather it soo cleane, but there wyll be moche losse, and taketh more rowme in the barne than shorne 8 corne dothe. And also it wyll not kepe nor saue it selfe from rayne or yll wether, whan it standeth in the couer, as the shorne corne wyll do.

27. ¶ Как жать пшеницу.

Shear wheat clean.

Wheate wolde be shorne cleane, and harde bounden in lyke maner; but for a generall rule, take good hede, that the sherers of all maner of whyte corne cast not vppe theyr handes hastely, for thanne all the lose corne, 4 and the strawes, that he holdeth not fast in his hande, flieth ouer his heed, and are loste: and also it wyll pull of the eares, and specyallye of the cornes that be verye Shear wheat clean.

rype. In somme places they wyll shere theyr cornes 8 hyghe, to the entente to mowe theyr stubble, eyther to thacke or to bren: if they so do, they haue greate cause to take good hede of the sherers. For if the eares of corne croke downe to the erthe, and the sherer take 12 not good hede, and put up the eare er he cut the strawe: as many eares as be vnder his hoke or sicle Fol. 21b.

fall to the erthe, and be loste; and whan they mowe the stubble, it is great hyndraunce to the profytte of 16 Near Ilchester and Martock they shear low.

the grounde. And in Sommersetshire, about Zelcestre and Martok, they doo shere theyr wheate very lowe, and all the wheate-strawe that they pourpose to make thacke of, they do not thresshe it, but cutte of the 20 eares, and bynde it in sheues, and call it rede: and therwith they thacke theyr houses. And if it be a Best kind of thatching.

newe house, they thacke it vnder theyr fote: the whiche is the beste and the surest thacking that can 24 be of strawe, for crowes and douues shall neuer hurte it.

28. Косить или жать ячмень и овес.

Mow barley and oats.

Barley and otes be moste commonly mowen, and a man or woman folowythe the mower with a hande-rake halfe a yarde longe, with .vii. or .viii. tethe, in the lyfte hande, and a syckle in the ryghte hande, and 4 with the rake he gethereth as moche as wyll make a shefe. And thanne he taketh the barley or otes by the toppes, and pulleth out as moche as wil make a band, and casteth the band from him on the land, and with his 8 rake and his syckle taketh vp the barley or otes, & [Fol. 22.]

layeth them vppon the bande, and so the barley lyeth vnbounden .iii. or .iiii. dayes, if it be fayre wether, and than to bynde it. And whan the barley is ledde 12 Rake afterwards.

away, the landes muste be raked, or els there wyll be moche corne loste, and if the barley or otes lye, they muste nedes be shorne.

29. ¶ Жнуть или косить горох и бобы.

Reap or mow peas and beans.

Pees and benes be moste commonly laste reped or mowen, of diuers maners, some with sickles, some with hokes, and some with staffe-hokes. And in some places they lay them on repes, and whan they be dry, 4 they laye them to-gether on heapes, lyke hey-cockes, and neuer bynde them. But the beste way is, whan Bind them together.

the repes be dry, to bynde them, and to set theym on the rydge of the landes three sheues to-gether; and 8 loke that your sherers, repers, or mowers geld not Cut beans low.

your beanes, that is to saye, to cutte the beanes so hye, that the nethermoste codde growe styll on the stalke; and whan they be bounden, they are the more redyer 12 to lode and vnlode, to make a reke, and to take fro the mowe to thresshe. And soo be not the repes.

[Fol. 22b.]

30. ¶ Как следует отсчитывать десятину со всех видов зерновых.