‘Justice,’ ‘justify,’ etc., uses of, 264 note 2, 270, 286, 442
Justice, 20, 99, 264-294 passim, 349-352, 355, 440-448 passim;
or Equity, essence of, 496;
specially difficult to define, 264;
intuitional view of the definition of, 264;
involves notion of distribution, 265, 266, 268, 271;
and Law, connexion between, 265, 266, 267 note 1;
distinct from Order (or Law-observance), 265;
and Equality, 266, 267, 267 note 1, 268, 268 note 1, 279, 285 note 1;
and taxation, 266, 266 note 1;
Conservative and Ideal, 272-273, 273 note 1, 274, 293, 294;
Ideal, 273, 274, 293, 294, 444, 445;
Ideal, and Natural Eights, 274, 275;
Ideal, and Freedom, 278, 279;
Corrective, 281;
Reparative, 281, 282, 281 note 1, 282 note 1, 293;
Reparative and Retributive, distinguished, 282-283, 282 note 2;
and Free Will, 71, 72, 284, 285;
and ‘Equity’ or ‘Fairness,’ 285, 286;
Hume’s treatment of, 440
Кант, 6, 7, 11 прим. 1, 36, 58, 58 прим. 1, 209, 210, 210 прим. 1, 222, 223, 239, 240, 315, 327 прим. 1, 366, 385, 386, 386 прим. 1, 389-390 Примечание, 486, Приложение 510;
(Основы метафизики нравственности) 209 прим. 1, 389-390 Примечание;
(Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre) 223 note 1, 327 note 1, 366 note 3, 386 note 2, 389 Note;
(Критика чистого разума) 366 прим. 3
Фундаментальное моральное правило или категорический императив Канта как критерий правильности, 209-210, 209 прим. 1, 210 прим. 1, 339 прим. 1, 386, 389 Примечание, 486
Knowledge—as an End, 114, 399, 401;
and Feeling (= Cognition and Pleasure or Pain), relation between, 139, 140;
and Feeling, Hamilton’s view of the relation between, 139
Laisser faire and economic production, 445 note 2
Law, 295-303; and Morality, relation between, 29, 457;
and Positive Morality, 164;
Austin’s definition of, 300 note 1
Laws—just, characteristics of, 266, 267, 271-272;
that ought to be obeyed, are laid down by rightful authority, 296
Law-observance (or Order), 295-303 passim, 352, 440, 441;
and Good Faith, 295, 303;
in regard to mala prohibita, 302 note 1
Lecky, History of European Morals, 50 note 1, 399 note 1, 427 note 1
Legal obligation and punishment, 29
Liberality, 324-326, 325 note 1, 355
Libertarian position, 58, 64-65, 66
Liberty, Sentiment of, 58
Locke, (Essay) 205, 280 note 1, 503;
ethical view of, 205, 206
Love, 50, 244, 245, 367, 368;
common sense estimate of, 245, 258, 258 note 1
Loyalty, 223, 244, 254
Mackenzie, J. S., 47, 48
Мэн, сэр Г., (Древнее право) 461 прим. 2
Malevolence—character of, as motive, 364;
sometimes sweepingly condemned, 321, 324;
sometimes partially approved on Utilitarian grounds, 322, 323, 324
Malevolent affections natural and normal, 320, 321
Marcus Aurelius, 376 note 1
«Рыночная стоимость», 286 seq.
Брак, идеал Платона, 358-359 (ср. 348 прим. 1)
Martineau, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372;
(Types of Ethical Theory) 367 note 1, 369 note 1
Maxims—of Virtue, dependence or independence of, 313;
Справедливости, благоразумия и благожелательности, самоочевидный элемент, 380-382
‘Maximum Happiness’ as criterion of conduct, 134
Meanness, notion of, examined, 325, 326
Meekness, 321
Mercy, 321
Merit, 68 note 2, 284 seq.;
(ср. Заслуга)
Method of Ethics, definition of, 1;
only one rational, 6, 12;
more than one natural, 6
Methods of Ethics, The, purpose of, 11-14, 78
Mildness, 321
Mill, J. S., 44, 85, 87, 94, 121, 177 note 1, 412 notes 1 and 2, 414, 418, 440, 478, 504;
(Utilitarianism) 93 note 1, 461 note 1, 499 note 1;
(О свободе) 478 прим. 1 и 2
Mind, 87 Note, 477 note 1
Modern ethical thought quasi-jural in character, 106
Моральная способность — функция разума, 23-38 passim;
why subject of ethical discussion, 4, 5;
Utilitarian theory of origin of, 461, 462, 497
Моральное суждение, 23-38;
object of, 60, 61, 201-202, 202 note 1, 222, 362, 364;
(or Practical) Reason, 33-34, 34 notes 1, 2, 3; 39, 40, 100 seq.;
Sense, 34;
Reasoning, the most natural type of, 6, 12 seq., 102-103, 493-494;
Sentiment, 26-28, 77;
Чувства, (a) трудности признания или отвержения их в качестве мотивов, 365-367, (b) теория их происхождения из опыта удовольствия и боли, 461, 462;
and Quasi-moral Sentiments, 28, 173, 174;
Motive, 77, 204 seq., 223;
Мотив, различные формы: — (a) Почтение к авторитету, (b) Религиозное чувство, (c) Самоуважение, (d) чувство свободы, (e) Восхищение или стремление, 39-40;
instincts and crude Utilitarian reasonings—discrepancy between, 466, 467;
Интуиции, 211-216 passim;
Intuitions, existence of, 211, 212, 337;
Интуиции, связь между (a) Существованием и Происхождением, 211, 212, (b) Происхождением и Обоснованностью, 34 прим. 1, 212-213, 212 прим. 2, 214;
Интуиции, Частные и Общие, 99-102, 214-216;
Rules, imperative and indicative forms of, 101 note 1;
Rules and Axioms, importance of, 229;
Axioms, abstract but significant, 379-384, 505;
Axioms, Kant’s view of, 385-386, 386 notes 1 and 2;
Максимы, 337-361 passim;
Maxims which are, and which are not, directly self-evident, distinction between, 383;
Ответственность, 59-60;
Obligation, 217;
and non-moral excellence distinguished, 426, 427
«Моральное» (в узком смысле) и «благоразумное» различаются, 25-26
Moral Courage, 333 note 3
Moral Philosophy, some problems of modern, 374
Мораль — «индуктивная» и «интуитивная», двойная двусмысленность антитезы между, 97-99;
a priori and a posteriori (or inductive and intuitive), 97;
and growth of Sympathy, 455-456, 455 note 1
Morality of Common Sense (Intuitionism), 85, 102, 229, 263 Note, 337-361 passim;
and Positive Morality, 215;
и эгоизм, 498-499 (ср. Счастье и долг);
развитие, не вполне утилитаристское, 455-456;
axiomatic character of its maxims questioned, 338, 342, 343;
furnishes valuable practical rules but not ultimate axioms, 360, 361;
and Utilitarianism, 361 note 1, 423-457 passim, 461, 498, 499;
first principles of, as “middle axioms” of Utilitarianism, 461;
Mill’s view of, 461 note 1;
not to be accepted by Utilitarianism without modification, 461 seq., 467
Motive meaning of, 202, 362, 363;
and Intention, 202, 203, 203 note 1;
-ы, различные взгляды на право, 204-207;
and Desire, Green’s view of, 363 note 1;
and Disposition, Utilitarian estimate of, 493, 494
Motives to action, 23;
как субъекты морального суждения, 362-372;
as affecting morality of actions, 60-61, 224;
рассматриваемые как лучшие и худшие, а не как добрые и злые, 363-364;
«соблазнительные», 364;
(“Springs of action”) Dr. Martineau’s table of (369) ethically estimated, 371, 372;
‘higher’ not always to be preferred to ‘lower,’ 369, 370, 371;
moral regulation of, 370
Natural, The—Interpretation of, 80 seq.;
gives no definite practical criterion of right conduct, 82
Natural—Selection, effect of, on impulses, 194;
and normal claims, indefiniteness of, 270, 271, 272, 272 note 1;
expectations, ambiguity of, 272, 273, 352;
Rights—difficulty of determining, 298;
Good, 477
Nature—Life according to, 79 seq., 377, 378;
conformity to, 80;
Stoic use of, 377, 378 note 1;
Butler’s use of, 378
Neighbourhood and Nationality, duties of, 250, 251, 252
Neutral excitements, 186 note 1 (cf. Hedonistic Zero)
«Объективное» и «субъективное», этическое применение, 207, 207 прим. 1, 208 прим. 1 и 2, 208, 209, 210, 344 прим. 2, 394, 395, 429, 430
Objective Hedonism, meaning of, 151;
и здравый смысл, 151-161;
advantages of, 151;
defects of, 151 seq., 458, 459
Objective relations of conscious mind, how far desirable, 400, 401
Objectivity of Moral Judgment, 27, 33
Порядок, ср. Соблюдение закона
Origin of Moral Intuitions, ethical importance of, 383, 384, 384 note 1
«Должен», 23-38 passim;
relative and unconditional uses of, 6, 7, 39;
implies reasonableness, 25;
and ‘right’ imply the same notion, 1 note 1, 23, 25;
does not refer to matters of fact, 25;
implies objectivity, 27, 33;
не означает просто (a) соответствие средств целям, 26, (b) эмоцию судящего лица, 26-28, ни (c) обязательство под угрозой наказания, 29 seq.;
элементарное и неразрешимое понятие, 32-33;
narrower and wider sense of, 33, 34, 34 note 4;
carries with it an impulse to action, 34;
implies possible conflict with reason (thus distinguishable from ‘right’), 34, 35, 217;
determinist sense of, 78;
loose meaning of, 508
Owen, Robert, 291
Pain—definition of, 42-43 note 1, 180, 191;
the negative quantity of pleasure, 124, 125;
physical concomitant of, 183 seq.;
Aristotle’s and Hamilton’s theory of, 180 seq., 180 note 1, 181 note 1;
Mr. Stout’s theory of, 182, 188, etc.;
Mr. Spencer’s theory of, 183 seq.;
Grant Allen’s view of, 187;
biological theory of, 190 seq.
Paley, 86, 121
Parents and children, duties of, 243, 243 note 1, 248-250, 248 note 1, 346, 347
Patriotism, 223, 244, 245;
duties of, 251, 252, 252 note 1
‘Perception,’ ethical use of, by Dugald Stewart, 103 Note
Perfection or Excellence as End, 10, 11, 10 notes 3 and 4, 20 note 1, 78, 114, 115;
and Intuitionism, 11, 83, 84, 97;
Kant’s treatment of, 386 note 2
Perfectionists, view of, 97
Philosophical Intuitionism, its relation to Common Sense Morality, 373
φρόνησις, 231 note 1
Pity or Compassion, 262
Placability, 321
Plato, (Republic) 21, 171, 172;
140, 145, 148, 171, 172, 281, 345, 348 note 1, 358, 375 note 1, 376;
(Горгий) 405 прим. 1; 441
Pleasure—definitions of, 42, 43, 43 note 1, 125, 127 seq., 131, 190;
ambiguities of, 43, 44, 93 seq.;
forecast of, must take account of moral or quasi-moral pleasures, 40, 173;
the less sometimes chosen in preference to the greater, 41, 42, 42 note 1, 136;
of Virtue, its ‘disinterestedness’ not abnormal, 50, 51;
as aim of unconscious action, 52, 53;
as ‘original’ aim of action, 53, 54;
application of the term, 93;
has only quantitative differences, 94, 95, 121;
maximum, deductive methods of determining, 121, 122;
rational as opposed to impulsive pursuit of, 124 note 1;
‘quality’ of, 94, 95, 121, 128-129, 128 note 1;
as Feeling, conceivableness of, 132, 133;
permanent sources of, 135, 136, 153;
how estimated, 141 seq. (cf. 127, 128, 398);
from others’ pain, various modes of, 321 note 1;
and Appetite, identified by Hobbes, 44 note 1;
и желание, полемика об отношении между, 39-56;
Aristotle’s and Hamilton’s theory of, 180 seq., 180 note 1, 181 note 1;
Mr. Stout’s theory of, 182, 188, etc.;
Mr. Spencer’s theory of, 183 seq.;
Grant Allen’s view of, 187;
biological theory of, 190 seq.;
and Desire, (a) Mill’s view of, 43-44, (b) Butler’s view of, 44, (c) Bain’s view of, 54-56;
effect of desire on estimate of, 144, 145;
and Preservation, 190, etc.;
(взгляд Гоббса) 89;
and Perfection or Reality, (Self-development), Spinoza’s view of, 90;
и «количество жизни», 192;
«чистое» 143;
of pursuit, 46 seq., 47 note 1, 55-56;
of attainment, 47;
of business, 49;
intellectual and æsthetic, 107-108, 153, 157, 472;
benevolent and sympathetic, 49, 50;
of virtue, 153, 170, 171, 174, 175;
-s, of the animal life, 154, 157, 159;
of wealth and greatness, Adam Smith’s view of, 155 note 1—(cf. Health, Wealth, etc.);
Stoic view of, 129;
Green’s view of, 132 seq.;
Plato’s view of its illusoriness, 140;
Spencer and Grant Allen’s ‘Intermittence’ theory of, 187
Pleasures and Pains, Moral, 170 seq., 171 note 1;
of Sympathy, 49, 50, 499-502, 499 note 1;
scale of, involves assumption of a Hedonistic zero, 124, 125;
commensurability of, 123-125, 124 note 1, 128 note 1, 131, 132, 140-150;
трудности ясной, определенной и последовательной оценки, 140-150;
incommensurable intensity of, doubtful, 123, 124;
intensity of, commensurable with duration, 124;
Bentham’s four dimensions of, 124 note 1;
волевая эффективность, 125-127;
their relation to normal activities, 185, etc.;
Aristotle’s and Hamilton’s theory of, 180 seq.;
Stout’s theory of, 182;
Wundt’s theory of, 184;
Spencer’s biological theory of, 190 seq.
Plutarch, 376
Politeness (Good Breeding, Fashion, Etiquette), 253;
Code of, 30, 340, 341
Political order, Rousseau’s view of an ideally just, 298
Политика — и этика, 15-22;
definition of, 1 note 1, 15 (cf. Law)
Positive Morality—and Morality of Common Sense, 215;
relation of, to preservation and to happiness, 464, 465;
alteration of, 164, 480
Power, 156, 157, 159
Practical efficacy and speculative truth, relation between, 507 note 1
Practical Empirical Hedonism, an assumption of, 131
Practical (or Moral) Judgment, 23 seq.
Практический (или моральный) разум, 23-38 passim;
its relation to Interest and to non-rational and irrational desires, 36;
and Nature, 81;
a postulate of, 6, 12;
Dualism of, 404 note 1, 366, 200, 205-206, 499, 507-509 (cf. Happiness and Duty)
Praise, common sense award of, explained by utility, 428, 429
Priestley, 88 Note
Обещание, 303-311 passim;
conditions and meaning of, 304;
conditions of bindingness of a, 311
Proof of a first principle, how possible, 419, 420
Proof—of Egoism may be demanded, 418, 419;
of ordinary moral rules is often required and given, 419
Доказательство утилитаризма, 418-422 passim;
clear demand of common sense for, 418, 419;
addressed to Egoism, 420, 421, 497-498;
addressed to Intuitionism, twofold character of, 421, 422
“Proof” of Utilitarian principle, Mill’s, 387, 388
Property and Right of Bequest, 277
Prudence (or Forethought), 7, 36, 96, 391;
common sense view of, 327, 328;
Kant’s and Butler’s views of, 327 note 1;
self-evident maxim of impartiality educible from the rule of, 381;
и благожелательность, подчинение других добродетелей, 496-497
«Благоразумное» и «моральное», 25-26
Psychological Hedonism, 40 seq.;
of Bentham, 85;
ethical import of, 41, 205
Public Opinion, Code of, 30
Public and private virtue, Utilitarian and Intuitionist estimates of, 495
Punishment, 281, 290 seq., 290 note 1, 291 note 1;
превентивные и возмездные взгляды, 71-72
Purity, 223, 329-331, 329 note 2, 357-359
Quantitative Hedonism, 129
Квазиморальное чувство, 27-28, 173-174
Квазиморальные чувства и рациональное себялюбие, 173-174
Rank of Motives, difficulties of estimating, 365-367, 369;
conflicting estimates of, by moralists, 366;
difficulty due to complexity of motive, 368
Rational action, not to be identified with (a) disinterested or (b) free action, 57;
Взгляд Спинозы на принцип, 89-90
Rational Benevolence, 96;
may be self-limiting, 385;
трактовка Канта, 385-386 Примечание, 389-390
Rational Self-love (Rational Egoism, Prudence)—and Conscience, 172, 200, 200 note 2, 366;
and Rational Benevolence, 386 note 4, 498 seq.
Reason—and Ultimate Ends, 9, 77, 77 note 1;
relation of, to Will and Desire, 23 seq.;
reference of moral judgments to, signifies merely their objectivity, 33;
conflict with, implied in the terms dictate, precept, imperative, ought, duty, moral obligation, 34, 35;
dictate or precept of, is a rule which may be deviated from, 41;
dictates or imperatives of, 34, 36, 77;
and the Divine Will, 79, 80;
dictate of, implied by right, rightness, and their equivalents, 105;
и инстинкт, 193-195;
may be self-limiting, 345;
dictates and dictation of, 345, 395, 404
Причина делать то, что признано правильным, почему люди требуют, 5-6
Reasonableness of Self-love, Butler’s view of, 119, 120;
Clarke’s view of, 120;
Christian view of, 120;
common sense view of, 120
Rebellion, when justifiable?, 299, 300, 301, 352
Reciprocity, principle of, 167, 168
Religious deception, 316, 316 note 2
Renan quoted, 108 note 1
Reputation, 155
Resentment, instinctive and deliberate, 322, 323;
deliberate, Butler’s view of, 323 note 1, 371;
universalised the principle of retributive (criminal) justice, 281;
evaluation of, 449
Resolutions, 37;
общая, может противоречить частным волевым актам, 37-38
Respect, tokens of, 336, 336 note 1
Reverence for Authority, 39
‘Right’—notion involved in, is unique, 25;
and ‘good,’ 3, 4;
and ‘ought,’ distinction between, 34, 35;
conduct and ‘good’ conduct, 106, 113
Right Conflict and Ultimate Good, 3
Rights, 274, etc.
Rightful authority, how known?, 296;
what are its limits?, 301, 302
Rousseau, 298;
his political ideal, difficulty of realising, 298, 299
«Правило справедливости», Кларка, 384-385
‘Rule of Love or Benevolence,’ Clarke’s, 385
‘Rules of Righteousness,’ Clarke’s, 384, 384 note 4, 385
Rules prescribing actions as good or right open to Utilitarian interpretation, 430
Sagacity, 236
Sanctions, 164-175 passim, 498, 499, 500 seq., 502, 505, 507-508;
conflict of, 164, 165;
legal, and happiness, 165, 166, 165 note 1;
social, and happiness, 166, 167;
social, and extra-legal duty, 167, 168;
internal, and happiness, 170, 170 note 1, 171, 171 note 1, 172, 173, 501-502
Scottish School of Ethical Thought, 104
Self-control, 235-237, 331, 344, 345, 356
Self-development (Self-realisation), indefiniteness of the notion, 90, 91;
as ethical aim, 192, 193;
понимаемое как = уступка инстинктивным импульсам, 193-194
Self-evidence, difficulty of discerning real, 339, 340, 341
Self-interest, 25, 26
Self-love, ordinary use and ambiguity of, 89;
и некоторые возвышенные импульсы, 137-138;
Butler’s view of, 93;
and benevolence and affection, 138, 403, 502
Self-preservation, 89
Self-realisation, 80, 90, 95
Добродетели, относящиеся к самому себе, 327-331
Self-sacrifice, 109 note 1, 138, 431, 432
Self-satisfaction, Green’s view of, 133, 135, 135 note 3
Selfishness, 499
Services, comparative worth of, how determined, 286, 287;
reward of, how determined, 290
Shaftesbury, 86, 86 notes 1 and 2, 138, 423, 423 note 1, 433, 501
Sidgwick, Principles of Political Economy, 267 note, 445 note 2, 446 note 1
Sincerity, 355
Smith, Adam, 424, 461, (Wealth of Nations, Theory of Moral Sentiments) 155 note 1
Social Contract, 17, 297-298, 303, 351
Social rank and status, 153, 155
Socialistic ideal, 289, 293-294
Sociology—scope and subject of, 2;
present condition of, 472, 473
Socrates, 59 note 1, 98-99, 215, 231 note 1, 299
Сократическая индукция, 98-99
Сократический принцип «правления экспертов», 299
σοφία, σοφός, 231, 231 note 1
Sources of Happiness, 135, 136, 153 seq.;
суждения здравого смысла относительно них, лишь приблизительно заслуживают доверия, 158-160;
оценки здравого смысла (a) в лучшем случае верны только для обычных людей, (b) испорчены неверным наблюдением, (c) путают объекты естественного желания и источники испытанного удовольствия, 151, 152, (d) смешивают моральные и эстетические предпочтения с гедонистическими, 153, (e) оказываются полными противоречий, 153-158
Sovereign power, Hobbist and Austinian views of, 300 note 1
Special moral codes, 30, 31, 168, 169, 340, 341
Special need, duties arising out of, 261, 262
Spencer, H., 125-126, 177 note 1, 183 seq., 194 note 1, 470, 471, 470 notes 1 and 2, 473;
(Social Statics), 18 note 2, 194 note 1;
(Data of Ethics), 18 note 2, 177 note 1, 194 note 1, 470 note 1