БЕССМЫСЛИЦА
Oh, that my lungs could bleat like butter’d Pease;
But bleating of my lungs hath caught the itch,
And are as mangy as the Irish seas
That offer wary windmills to the Rich.
I grant that Rainbowes being lull’d asleep,
Snort like a woodknife in a Lady’s eyes;
Which makes her grieve to see a pudding creep,
For Creeping puddings only please the wise.
Not that a hard-row’d herring should presume
To swing a tyth pig in a Cateskin purse;
For fear the hailstons which did fall at Rome,
By lesning of the fault should make it worse.
For ’tis most certain Winter woolsacks grow
From geese to swans if men could keep them so.
Till that the sheep shorn Planets gave the hint
To pickle pancakes in Geneva print.
Some men there were that did suppose the skie
Was made of Carbonado’d Antidotes;
But my opinion is, a Whale’s left eye,
Need not be coynéd all King Harry groates.
The reason’s plain, for Charon’s Westerne barge
Running a tilt at the Subjunctive mood,
Beckoned to Bednal Green, and gave him charge
To fasten padlockes with Antartic food.
The End will be the Mill ponds must be laded,
To fish for white pots in a Country dance;
So they that suffered wrong and were upbraded
Shall be made friends in a left-handed trance.
Очаровательная лирика епископа Корбета:
ПРОЩАНИЕ С ФЕЯМИ
“Farewell, rewards and fairies!”
Good housewives now may say,
For now foul sluts in dairies
Do fare as well as they.
And, though they sweep their hearths no less
Than maids were wont to do,
Yet who of late, for cleanliness,
Finds sixpence in her shoe?
Lament, lament, old Abbeys,
The fairies lost command!
They did but change priests’ babies,
But some have changed your land;
And all your children stoln from thence
Are now grown Puritans;
Who live as changelings ever since,
For love of your domains.
At morning and at evening both,
You merry were and glad,
So little care of sleep or sloth
These pretty ladies had;
When Tom came home from labour,
Or Cis to milking rose,
Then merrily went their tabor,
And nimbly went their toes.
Witness those rings and roundelays
Of theirs, which yet remain,
Were footed in Queen Mary’s days
On many a grassy plain;
But, since of late Elizabeth,
And later James, came in,
They never danced on any heath
As when the time hath been.
By which we note the fairies
Were of the old profession,
Their songs were Ave-Maries,
Their dances were procession:
But now, alas! they all are dead,
Or gone beyond the seas;
Or further for religion fled,
Or else they take their ease.
A tell-tale in their company
They never could endure,
And whoso kept not secretly
Their mirth was punished sure;
It was a just and Christian deed
To pinch such black and blue:
Oh how the commonwealth doth need
Such justices as you!
Эпиграмма епископа Корбета на раннюю смерть Бомонта хорошо известна:
He that hath such acuteness and such wit,
As would ask ten good heads to husband it;
He, that can write so well that no man dare
Refuse it for the best, let him beware:
Beaumont is dead, by whose sole death appears,
Wit’s a disease consumes men in few years.
Сэр Уолтер Рэли, изящный и блестящий придворный, считается большинством исследователей предмета автором «Лжи». Хотя она приписывалась различным авторам, вес доказательств в пользу Рэли.
ЛОЖЬ
Go, Soul, the body’s guest,
Upon a thankless errand;
Fear not to touch the best;
The truth shall be thy warrant.
Go, since I needs must die,
And give them all the lie.
Go tell the Court it glows
And shines like rotten wood;
Go tell the Church it shows
What’s good, but does no good.
If Court and Church reply,
Give Court and Church the lie.
Tell Potentates they live
Acting, but oh! their actions;
Not loved, unless they give,
Not strong but by their factions.
If Potentates reply,
Give Potentates the lie.
Tell men of high condition,
That rule affairs of state,
Their purpose is ambition;
Their practice only hate;
And if they do reply,
Then give them all the lie.
Tell those that brave it most,
They beg for more by spending,
Who in their greatest cost
Seek nothing but commending;
And if they make reply,
Spare not to give the lie.
Tell zeal it wants devotion;
Tell love it is but lust;
Tell time it is but motion;
Tell flesh it is but dust:
And wish them not reply,
For thou must give the lie.
Tell age it daily wasteth;
Tell honor how it alters;
Tell beauty how she blasteth;
Tell favor how it falters:
And as they shall reply,
Give every one the lie.
Tell wit how much it wrangles
In tickle points of niceness;
Tell wisdom she entangles
Herself in over-wiseness:
And when they do reply,
Straight give them both the lie.
Tell physic of her boldness;
Tell skill it is pretension;
Tell charity of coldness;
Tell law it is contention:
And as they do reply,
So give them still the lie.
Tell fortune of her blindness;
Tell nature of decay;
Tell friendship of unkindness;
Tell justice of delay:
And if they will reply,
Then give them all the lie.
Tell arts they have no soundness,
But vary by esteeming;
Tell schools they want profoundness,
And stand too much on seeming:
If arts and schools reply,
Give arts and schools the lie.
Tell faith it’s fled the city;
Tell how the country erreth;
Tell, manhood shakes off pity;
Tell, virtue least preferreth:
And if they do reply,
Spare not to give the lie.
So when thou hast, as I
Commanded thee, done blabbing,—
Although to give the lie
Deserves no less than stabbing,—
Yet, stab at thee that will,
No stab the soul can kill.
Следующие хорошо известные и совершенно характерные стихи первоначально появились в «Игле Гаммер Гуртон», старой английской комедии, которая долгое время считалась самой ранней, написанной на этом языке, но которая теперь занимает второе место по возрасту. Она была написана Джоном Стилом, впоследствии епископом Бата и Уэллса.
ВЕСЕЛОЕ ДОБРОЕ СТАРОЕ ЭЛЬ
I cannot eat but little meat;
My stomach is not good;
But sure I think that I can drink
With him that wears a hood.
Though I go bare, take ye no care,
I nothing am a-cold,
I stuff my skin so full within
Of jolly good ale and old.
Back and side go bare, go bare;
Both foot and hand go cold;
But, belly, God send thee good ale enough,
Whether it be new or old.
I love no roast but a nut-brown toast,
And a crab laid in the fire;
And little bread shall do me stead;
Much bread I nought desire.
No frost, no snow, no wind, I trow,
Can hurt me if I wold,
I am so wrapp’d, and thoroughly lapp’d,
Of jolly good ale and old.
Back and side, etc.
And Tib, my wife, that as her life
Loveth well good ale to seek,
Full oft drinks she, till ye may see
The tears run down her cheek:
Then doth she troul to me the bowl,
Even as a maltworm should,
And saith, “Sweetheart, I took my part
Of this jolly good ale and old.”
Back and side, etc.
Now let them drink till they nod and wink
Even as good fellows should do;
They shall not miss to have the bliss
Good ale doth bring men to.
And all poor souls that have scour’d bowls
Or have them lustily troul’d,
God save the lives of them and their wives,
Whether they be young or old.
Back and side, etc.
Сэр Джон Дэвис, поэт и юрист, написал много акростихов королеве Елизавете и другие остроумные стихи.
АКРОСТИХИ
Earth now is green and heaven is blue;
Lively spring which makes all new,
Iolly spring doth enter.
Sweet young sunbeams do subdue
Angry aged winter.
Blasts are mild and seas are calm,
Every meadow flows with balm,
The earth wears all her riches,
Harmonious birds sing such a psalm
As ear and heart bewitches.
Reserve (sweet spring) this nymph of ours,
Eternal garlands of thy flowers,
Green garlands never wasting;
In her shall last our state’s fair spring,
Now and forever flourishing,
As long as heaven is lasting.
СЕМЕЙНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ
Wedlock, indeed, hath oft comparèd been
To public feasts, where meet a public rout,
Where they that are without would fain go in,
And they that are within would fain go out.
Джон Марстон, драматург и священнослужитель, дает нам этот кусочек юмористической сатиры —
УЧЕНЫЙ И ЕГО СОБАКА
I was a scholar: seven useful springs
Did I deflower in quotations
Of cross’d opinions ’bout the soul of man;
The more I learnt, the more I learnt to doubt.
Delight my spaniel slept, whilst I baus’d leaves,
Toss’d o’er the dunces, pored on the old print
Of titled words: and still my spaniel slept.
Whilst I wasted lamp-oil, baited my flesh,
Shrunk up my veins: and still my spaniel slept.
And still I held converse with Zabarell,
Aquinas, Scotus, and the musty saw
Of antick Donate: still my spaniel slept.
Still on went I; first, an sit anima;
Then, an it were mortal. Oh, hold, hold! at that
They’re at brain buffets, fell by the ears amain
Pell-mell together; still my spaniel slept.
Then, whether ’t were corporeal, local, fixt,
Ex traduce, but whether ’t had free will
Or no, hot philosophers
Stood banding factions, all so strongly propt,
I stagger’d, knew not which was firmer part,
But thought, quoted, read, observ’d, and pryed,
Stufft noting-books: and still my spaniel slept.
At length he wak’d, and yawned; and by yon sky,
For aught I know he knew as much as I.
Вслед за примером сборников шуток и коллекций веселых историй пришли антологии.
Самым важным из них был сборник «Miscellany», который выдержал восемь изданий за тридцать лет и, как говорят, является той самой книгой песен и сонетов, которой так не хватало мастеру Слендеру.
Эта книга была впервые опубликована в 1557 году, за ней последовало множество менее достойных сборников.
В 1576 году появился «Рай изящных выдумок» (The Paradise of Dainty Devices), который также выдержал множество изданий.
Как правило, эти сборники были неинтересными и по большей части состояли из скучных и прозаических произведений. Их главное очарование заключалось в названиях, таких как «Великолепная галерея галантных изобретений», «Горсть приятных удовольствий» и «Букет изящных острот».
И все же следует помнить, что во второй половине XVI века наблюдался блестящий расцвет лирической поэзии, а в последний год появилась знаменитая книга под названием «Английский Геликон», или «Гармония муз», которая была своего рода «Золотой сокровищницей» елизаветинской эпохи.
Два года спустя она была дополнена «Поэтической рапсодией», отредактированной Фрэнсисом Дэвисоном, и с тех пор в сборниках английских песен и стихов стали появляться произведения мастеров.
В этот период также было создано множество переводов как классических, так и более современных произведений различных стран; хотя ни одно значительное юмористическое произведение не было переведено до следующего века, когда Уркхарт открыл Рабле для английского народа.
ФРАНЦУЗСКОЕ ОСТРОУМИЕ И ЮМОР
Рютбёф, трувер XIII века, если и не был главным автором фаблио, то первым переложил их в рифму.
Большинство его сказок слишком длинны и бессвязны, чтобы их цитировать, поэтому мы ограничимся одной.
ЗАВЕЩАНИЕ ОСЛА
A priest there was in times of old,
Fond of his church, but fonder of gold,
Who spent his days and all his thought
In getting what he preached was naught.
His chests were full of robes and stuff,
Corn filled his garners to the roof,
Stored up against the fair-times gay,
From Saint Rémy to Easter Day.
An ass he had within his stable,
A beast most sound and valuable.
For twenty years he lent his strength
For the priest, his master, till at length,
Worn out with work and age, he died.
The priest, who loved him, wept and cried;
And, for his service long and hard,
Buried him in his own churchyard.
Now turn we to another thing:
’Tis of a bishop that I sing.
No greedy miser he, I ween;
Prelate so generous ne’er was seen.
Full well he loved in company
Of all good Christians still to be;
When he was well, his pleasure still,
His medicine best when he was ill.
Always his hall was full, and there
His guests had ever best of fare.
Whate’er the bishop lack’d or lost
Was bought at once despite the cost;
And so, in spite of rent and score,
The bishop’s debts grew more and more.
For true it is—this ne’er forget—
Who spends too much gets into debt.
One day his friends all with him sat,
The bishop talking this and that,
Till the discourse on rich clerks ran,
Of greedy priests, and how their plan
Was all good bishops still to grieve,
And of their dues their lords deceive.
And then the priest of whom I’ve told
Was mention’d; how he loved his gold.
And because men do often use
More freedom than the truth would choose,
They gave him wealth, and wealth so much,
As those like him could scarcely touch.
“And then besides, a thing he’s done,
By which great profit might be won,
Could it be only spoken here.”
Quoth the bishop, “Tell it without fear.”
“He’s worse, my lord, than Bedouin,
Because his own dead ass, Baldwin,
He buried in the sacred ground.”
“If this is truth, as shall be found,”
The bishop cried, “a forfeit high
Will on his worldly riches lie.
Summon this wicked priest to me;
I will myself in this case be
The judge. If Robert’s word be true,
Mine are the fine and forfeit too.”
*****
“Disloyal! God’s enemy and mine,
Prepare to pay a heavy fine.
Thy ass thou buriedst in the place
Sacred to church. Now, by God’s grace,
I never heard of crime more great.
What! Christian men with asses wait?
Now, if this thing be proven, know
Surely to prison thou wilt go.”
“Sir,” said the priest, “thy patience grant;
A short delay is all I want.
Not that I fear to answer now—
But give me what the laws allow.”
And so the bishop leaves the priest,
Who does not feel as if at feast.
But still, because one friend remains,
He trembles not at prison pains.
His purse it is which never fails
For tax or forfeit, fine or vails.
The term arrived, the priest appeared,
And met the bishop, nothing feared;
For ’neath his girdle safe there hung
A leathern purse, well stocked and strung
With twenty pieces fresh and bright,
Good money all, none clipped or light.
“Priest,” said the bishop, “if thou have
Answer to give to charge so grave,
’Tis now the time.”
“Sir, grant me leave
My answer secretly to give.
Let me confess to you alone,
And, if needs be, my sins atone.”
The bishop bent his head to hear,
The priest he whispered in his ear:
“Sir, spare a tedious tale to tell.
My poor ass served me long and well,
For twenty years my faithful slave,
Each year his work a saving gave
Of twenty sous—-so that in all
To twenty livres the sum will fall;
And, for the safety of his soul,
To you, my lord, he left the whole.”
“’Twas rightly done,” the bishop said,
And gravely shook his godly head:
“And, that his soul to heaven may go,
My absolution I bestow.”
Now have you heard a truthful lay,
How with rich priests the bishops play;
And Rutebœuf the moral draws
That, spite of kings’ and bishops’ laws,
’Gainst evil is the man secure
That shields himself with money’s lure.
В XIV веке Эсташ Дешан написал более тысячи баллад, виреле и других форм легкой поэзии.
Одна из его баллад, приведенная здесь в переводе, отличается отчетливо современным типом остроумия.
СОВЕТ ДРУГУ О ЖЕНИТЬБЕ
Ope! Who? A friend! What wouldst obtain?
Advice! Whereof? Is’t well to wed?
I wish to marry. What’s your pain?
No wife have I for board and bed,
By whom my house is wisely led.
One meek and fair I wish to gain,
Young, wealthy, too, and nobly bred;
You’re crazy—batter out your brain!
Consider! Grief can you sustain?
Women have tempers bold and dread;
When for a dish of eggs you’re fain,
Broth, cheese, you’ll have before you spread:
Now free, you’ll be a slave instead—
When married, you yourself have slain.
Think well. My first resolve is said;
You’re crazy—batter out your brain!
No wife will be like her you feign;
On angry words you shall be fed,
So shall you bitterly complain,
With woes too hard to bear, bested:
Better a life in forest led
Than of such beast to bear the strain.
No! The sweet fancy fills my head;
You’re crazy—batter out your brain!
ПОСЛАНЬЕ
Soon you will long that you were dead
When married; seek in street or lane
Some love. No! Passion bids me wed;
You’re crazy—batter out your brain!
Оливье Баслен, процветавший в XV веке и бывший сукновалом по профессии, — еще один из литературных «отцов», носящий титул «Le Pere Joyeux du Vaudeville» (Веселый отец водевиля). Рожденный в Вире, в окружении долин, он, по мнению одних, опровергаемому другими, дал начало современному термину «водевиль», который является искажением «Vaux de Vire» (Долины Вира).
Его песни по большей части застольные, а юмор — грубоватый и шумный.
К МОЕМУ НОСУ
Fair Nose! whose rubies red have cost me many a barrel
Of claret wine and white,
Who wearest in thy rich and sumptuous apparel
Such red and purple light!
Great Nose! who looks at thee through some huge glass at revel,
More of thy beauty thinks:
For thou resemblest not the nose of some poor devil
Who only water drinks.
The turkey-cock doth wear, resembling thee, his wattles,
How many rich men now
Have not so rich a nose! To paint thee, many bottles
And much time I allow.
The glass my pencil is for thine illumination;
My color is the wine,
With which I’ve painted thee more red than the carnation,
By drinking of the fine.
’Tis said it hurts the eyes; but shall they be the masters?
Wine is the cure for all;
Better the windows both should suffer some disasters,
Than have the whole house fall.
АПОЛОГИЯ СИДРА
Though Frenchmen at our drink may laugh,
And think their taste is wondrous fine,
The Norman cider, which we quaff,
Is quite the equal of his wine,—
When down, down, down it freely goes,
And charms the palate as it flows.
Whene’er a potent draught I take,
How dost thou bid me drink again?
Yet, pray, for my affection’s sake,
Dear Cider, do not turn my brain.
O, down, down, down it freely goes,
And charms the palate as it flow.
I find I never lose my wits,
However freely I carouse,
And never try in angry fits
To raise a tempest in the house;
Though down, down, down the cider goes,
And charms the palate as it flows.
To strive for riches in all stuff,
Just take the good the gods have sent;
A man is sure to have enough
If with his own he is content;
As down, down, down, the cider goes,
And charms the palate as it flows.
In truth that was a hearty bout;
Why, not a drop is left,—not one;
I feel I’ve put my thirst to rout;
The stubborn foe at last is gone.
So down, down, down the cider goes,
And charms the palate as it flows.
Франсуа Вийон, родившийся в 1431 году, хотя и не имевший отцовского имени, по праву называется принцем поэтов-балладников.
Здесь представлены два перевода одного из его самых популярных стихотворений, а также добавлена еще одна остроумная баллада.
БАЛЛАДА О ДАМАХ БЫЛЫХ ВРЕМЕН Перевод Данте Габриэля Россетти
Tell me now in what hidden way is